庄子英文版林语堂.docx
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庄子英文版林语堂.docx
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庄子英文版林语堂
LinYutang'sIntroductiontoChuangtse:
MysticandHumorist
JesuswasfollowedbySt.Paul,SocratesbyPlato,ConfuciusbyMencius,andLaotsebyChuangtse.Inallfourcases,thefirstwastherealteacherandeitherwrotenobooksorwroteverylittle,andthesecondbegantodevelopthedoctrinesandwrotelongandprofounddiscourses.Chuangtse,whodiedabout275B.C.,wasseparatedfromLaotse'sdeathbynotquitetwohundredyears,andwasstrictlyacontemporaryofMencius.Yetthemostcuriousthingisthatalthoughboththesewritersmentionedtheotherphilosophersofthetime,neitherwasmentionedbytheotherinhisworks.
Onthewhole,ChuangtsemustbeconsideredthegreatestprosewriteroftheChouDynasty,asCh'u:
Yu:
anmustbeconsideredthegreatestpoet.Hisclaimtothispositionrestsbothuponthebrillianceofhisstyleandthedepthofhisthought.ThatexplainsthefactthatalthoughhewasprobablythegreatestslandererofConfucius,andwithMotse,thegreatestantagonistofConfucianideas,noConfucianscholarhasnotopenlyorsecretlyadmiredhim.Peoplewhowouldnotopenlyagreewithhisideaswouldneverthelessreadhimasliterature.
Norcanitbesaidtrulythatapure-bloodedChinesecouldeverquitedisagreewithChuangtse'sideas.TaoismisnotaschoolofthoughtinChina,itisadeep,fundamentaltraitofChinesethinking,andoftheChineseattitudetowardlifeandtowardsociety.Ithasdepth,whileConfucianismhasonlyapracticalsenseofproportions;itenrichesChinesepoetryandimaginationinanimmeasurablemanner,anditgivesaphilosophicsanctiontowhateverisintheidle,freedom-loving,poetic,vagabondChinesesoul.Itprovidestheonlysafe,romanticreleasefromthesevereConfucianclassicrestraint,andhumanizestheveryhumaniststhemselves;thereforewhenaChinesesucceeds,heisalwaysaConfucianist,andwhenhefails,heisalwaysaTaoist.Asmorepeoplefailthansucceedinthisworld,andasallwhosucceedknowthattheysucceedbutinalameandhaltingmannerwhentheyexaminethemselvesinthedarkhoursofthenight,IbelieveTaoistideasaremoreoftenatworkthanConfucianism.EvenaConfucianistsucceedsonlywhenheknowsheneverreallysucceeds,thatis,byfollowingTaoistwisdom.TsengKuofan,thegreatConfuciangeneralwhosuppressedtheTaipingRebellion,hadfailedinhisearlycampaignandbegantosucceedonlyonemorningwhenherealizedwithtrueTaoisthumilitythathewas"nogood,"andgavepowertohisassistantgenerals.
ChuangtseisthereforeimportantasthefirstonewhofullydevelopedtheTaoisticthesisoftherhythmoflife,containedintheepigramsofLaotse.UnlikeotherChinesephilosophersprincipallyoccupiedwithpracticalquestionsofgovernmentandpersonalmorality,hegivestheonlymetaphysicsexistinginChineseliteraturebeforetheingofBuddhism.Iamsurehismysticismwillcharmsomereadersandrepelothers.Certaintraitsinit,likeweedingouttheideaoftheegoandquietcontemplationand"seeingtheSolitary"explainhowthesenativeChineseideaswerebackofthedevelopmentoftheCh'an
AwordmustbeaddedaboutChuangtse'sattitudetowardConfucius.Itwillbeevidenttoanyreaderthathewasoneofthegreatestromanticizersofhistory,andthatanyoftheanecdoteshetellsaboutConfucius,orLaotseortheYellowEmperormustbeacceptedonaparwiththoseanecdoteshetellsabouttheconversationofGeneralCloudsandGreatNebulous,orbetweentheSpiritoftheRiverandtheSpiritoftheOcean.Itmustbealsoplainlyunderstoodthathewasahumoristwithawildandratherluxuriantfantasy,withanAmericanloveforexaggerationandforthebig.Oneshouldthereforereadhimasonewouldahumoristwriterknowingthatheisfrivolouswhenheisprofoundandprofoundwhenheisfrivolous.
TheextanttextofChuangtseconsistsofthirty-threechapters,allofthemamixtureofphilosophicdisquisitionandanecdotesorparables.ThechapterscontainingthemostvirulentattacksonConfucianism
Ihavechosenhereelevenchapters,includingallbutoneofthefirstbestsevenchapters.Withoneminorexception,thesechaptersaretranslatedplete.Thephilosophicallymostimportantarethechapterson"LevellingAllThings"and"AutumnFloods."Thechapters,"JoinedToes,""Horses'Hooves,""OpeningTrunks"and"Tolerance"belonginonegroupwiththemainthemeofprotestagainstcivilization.Themosteloquentprotestiscontainedin"OpeningTrunks,"whilethemostcharacteristicallyTaoisticisthechapteron"Tolerance."Themostmysticanddeeplyreligiouspieceis"TheGreatSupreme."Themostbeautifullywrittenis"AutumnFloods."Thequeerestisthechapteron"Deformities"
IhavebasedmytranslationonthatofHerbertA.Giles.ItsoonbecameapparentinmyworkthatGileswasfreeinhistranslationwhereexactnesswaseasyandpossible,andthathehadaglib,colloquialstylewhichmightbeconsideredablemish.Theresultisthathardlyalinehasbeenleftuntouched,andIhavehadtomakemyowntranslation,takingadvantageofwhateverisgoodinhisEnglishrendering.ButstillIoweagreatdebttomypredecessor,andhehasnotablysucceededinthisdifficulttaskinmanypassages.Wherehisrenderingisgood,Ihavenotchosentobedifferent.Inthissense,thetranslationmayberegardedasmyown.
Itshouldbenotedthatthroughoutthetext,Gilestranslates"Heaven"as"God"whereitmeansGod.Ontheotherhand,theterm"Creator"isanexactrenderingofchao-wu,or"hewhocreatesthings."Iwillnotgointodetailsoftranslationofotherphilosophictermshere.
《庄子》十一篇英译
译者:
林语堂
Table:
AHappyExcursion
LevellingAllThings
PreservationofLife
ThisHumanWorld
Deformities
TheGreatSupreme
JoinedToes
Horses'Hooves
OpeningTrunks
OnTolerance
AutumnFloods
Translator'sNotes
AHappyExcursion
Inthenorthernoceanthereisafish,calledthek'un,Idonotknowhowmanythousandliinsize.Thisk'unchangesintoabird,calledthep'eng.ItsbackisIdonotknowhowmanythousandliinbreadth.Whenitismoved,itflies,itswingsobscuringtheskylikeclouds.
Whenonavoyage,thisbirdpreparestostartfortheSouthernOcean,theCelestialLake.AndintheRecordsofMarvelswereadthatwhenthep'engfliessouthwards,thewaterissmittenforaspaceofthreethousandliaround,whilethebirditselfmountsuponagreatwindtoaheightofninetythousandli,foraflightofsixmonths'duration.
Theremountingaloft,thebirdsawthemovingwhitemistsofspring,thedust-clouds,andthelivingthingsblowingtheirbreathsamongthem.Itwonderedwhethertheblueoftheskywasitsrealcolor,oronlytheresultofdistancewithoutend,andsawthatthethingsonearthappearedthesametoit.
Ifthereisnotsufficientdepth,waterwillnotfloatlargeships.Upsetacupfulintoaholeintheyard,andamustard-seedwillbeyourboat.Trytofloatthecup,anditwillbegrounded,duetothedisproportionbetweenwaterandvessel.
Sowithair.Ifthereisnotsufficientadepth,itcannotsupportlargewings.Andforthisbird,adepthofninetythousandliisnecessarytobearitup.Then,glidinguponthewind,withnothingsavetheclearskyabove,andnoobstaclesintheway,itstartsuponitsjourneytothesouth.
Acicadaandayoungdovelaughed,saying,"Now,whenIflywithallmymight,'tisasmuch
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