西方文明史复习资料都是重点哦.docx

西方文明史复习资料都是重点哦.docx

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西方文明史复习资料都是重点哦

1.AmericanGovernment

Constitution

TheUnitedStatesisaconstitutiormldemocracy,atypeofgovernmentcharacterizedbylimitations（boundaries,restrictions）ongovernmentpowerspelledoutinawrittenconstitution.Writtenin1787,theU・S・Constitutionisboththeoldestandshortestwrittenconstitutionintheworld・Itservesasthesupreme（highest,greatest）law（rule,regulation）oftheUnitedStates・

TheConstitution

•TheConstitutionoutlinesafederalgovernmentwiththreeseparatebranches：

thelegislative（lawmaking）branch（Congress）,theexecutive（decision-making）branch（thepresidency）,andthejudicialbranch（thecourts）・

BillofRights

ThefirsttenamendmentstotheConstitution.whichsafeguardsomespecificrightsofthe?

\mericanpeopleandthestates・

•Manystatesratified（approved）theConstitutionin1788and1789ontheconditionthatCongressamendittoguaranteecertaincivi11iberties・JamesMadisondraftedthesefirsttenamendmentshimself,whichcollectivelybecameknownastheBillofRights・TheBillofRightsprotectssomespecificrightsofboththe^Americanpeopleandthestates・Thetableonthenextpagesummarizesthetwenty-sevenamendmentstotheConstitution

LegislativeBranch

Congressisthelegislativebranchofthefederalgovernmentandisresponsibleforcreatinglaws・

Congressconsistsoftwochambers,anupperchambercalledtheSenate（100members）anda1owerchambercalledtheHouseofRepresentatives（435members）・

HORisfixedandproportionallydistributedamongthe50states,eachonerepresentingthecongressionaldistrict・

Senate：

100senators,2perstate・

Congress

•Congresshasthesole（only）authoritytomakelaws,levytaxes,declarewar,andprintmoney,amongotherpowers・Congressalsocontrolsthefederalbudget・

ExecutiveBranch

•Thepresidencyistheexecutivebranchofthefederalgovernment・ThepresidentiselectedeveryfouryearsandisresponsibleforenforcingthelawsthatCongressmakes・Thepresidentisalsothecommander-in-chiefofthearmedforcesandhasthepowertoconductforeignrelations・

JudicialBranch

•Thefederalcourtsmakeupthejudicialbranchofthefederalgovernment,whichconsistsofregionalcircuitcourts,appealscourts,andtheSupremeCourt・TheSupremeCourtisthehighestlegalauthorityinthecountryandhasassumedthepowerofjudicialreviewtodecidethelegality（validity,truth）ofthelawsCongressmakes・

MythicalFounding

•MostAmericansre-imaginethefoundingoftheUnitedStatesinmythicalterms,asthetriumphofwisdomovertyrannicolignoranceandasthecreationofsomethingnewandimportantintheworld・

•AmericancitizenstendtoreveretheDeclarationofIndependenceandtheConstitution.andtheFoundingFathersareseenasmodelsofvirtue（quality）andpoliticalwisdom・

•TheiconicimageofGeorgeWashingtonontheone-dollarbillorthestatueofAbrahamLincolninsidetheLincoinMemorialfitsinwiththisheroicvisionofthefounders・

StruggleAgainstTyrannyandInjustice

MostAmericansoftenthinkoftheircountryasthechampionofdemocracyandjustice・ManyeventsinAmericanhistoryarethereforeseenaspartofthisstruggle・Americanstendtothinkofthe：

•CivilWarasabattletoendslavery

•WorldWarIIasthedefeatofeviltyrants

•ColdWarasatriumphofdemocraticvaluesovercommunismandtotalitarianism・Today,manyAmericansseethefightagainstterrorismasthelatestexampleoftheUnitedStatesstandingupforwhatisrightintheworld・（Worldpolice）

—Today,many?

\mericansseethefightagainstterrorismasthelatestexampleoftheUnitedStatesstandingupforwhatisrightintheworld・（Worldpolice）

HistoryasProgress

•AlthoughtheUnitedStatesisnotaperfectdemocracy,manyAmericansinterpretitshistoryasprogresstowardabetterdemocracy・Inthisview,Americahasimprovedfromcenturytocentury,gettingbetterandmoredemocraticovertime・Theexpansionoftherighttovoteisthebestexample・

•e.g.•Atthestartoftherepublic,therighttovotewasrestrictedinmostplacestoolder,wealthy,whitelandowners・

RighttoVote

•Overtime,al1citizenswontherighttovote

Includingthemiddleclasses,thepoor.Women（1920）,Peopleofotherraces（1965）,Youngerpeople（1970）.Americandemocracyhasthusgrownasmorepeoplehavebeenallowedtoparticipate・

2.SuperheromythologyregIntro：

History

Whatisamyth?

Astoryofunknownauthorshipthatpeopletoldlongagoinanattempttoanswerseriousquestionsabouthowimportantthingsbeganandoccurred・

Theyarestoriesthatexplainnaturaloccurrencesandexpressbeliefsofrightandwrong.Mythsusuallyhaveareligiousorspiritualsense

•Theyareearlymansdesiretoexplaintheuniverse・

i.e..Apollo,thesonofZeus,drovethechariotofthesunacrosstheskyGodsandGoddesses

•Thegods,goddesses,andheroesai'esuperhumaninnature・

i.e..Atlasboretheweightoftheworldandtheheavensonhisshoulders・

•Godssometimesappearindisguisedform

•HumanemotionsareexperiencedbytheGods

—i.e..Hera"sjealousy（wewi11talkaboutthisinamoment）CommonThemesinMythology

•Goodvs.EvilLightvs.Dark

•AmetamorphosismayoccurLikeabutterfly

•InGreekmythology

—Thestorieswerepartoftheirreligion

—TheirfestivalsandritualpracticescamefromthestoriesWhatisGreekMythology?

TheancientGreekswerepolytheistic,meaningtheyworshipedmultiplegods・Theyalsotoldnumystories（myths）aboutthegods,whichweremeanttoguidehumanbehaviorandteachabouttherelationshipbetweengodsandhumans・

•ThepeopleofancientGreecesharedstoriescalledmythsaboutthegods,goddesses,andheroesinwhichtheybelieved・

•Eachgodorgoddesswasworshippedasadeityandru1edovercertainareas

oftheGreeks,1ives・

•Theseexcitingstoriesexplainednaturalphenomenathatcouldnotbeexplainedbyscienceintheancientworld・

Whyisitimportant?

"AsoneofthemajorcontributorstoWesterncivilization,ancientGreekculturehasprovidedthecreativeenergyandprototypesforlaterformsofWesternsociety・Intellectualandculturalachievements,togetherwithsocialandeconomicdevelopmentsinancientGreeceanditsneighboringareas,marktherealbeginningofWesterncivilizationandtheendingoftheuncivilized,barbarousagev（pg・7）.

•TheAncientGreekculturehasbeenkeptalivebytheoralandlaterwrittenstorieshandeddownthroughthousandsofyears・

•Modernplays,novels,televisionprograms,moviesandevenadvertisementsrefertoGreekgods,goddesses,hei'oesandtheirstories・

•TheirhistoryentertainsusandprovideuswithmodernWesternculture.

GodsandGoddessesofthePantheononMountOlympus

Zeus-LeaderoftheOlympianGods（page12）

•HeruledtheOlympians・

•Hewasthegodofthesky,lightningandthundercarryingathunderboltashissymbol（muchlikeasuperherowewilltalkaboutinamoment）・

•HemarriedHera,hissister,whichwasafamilyhabit・

•Hefatheredmanychildrenwithvariousgoddessesandmortals・

Hera-WifeofZeus

•Shewastheprotectorofmarriageandthehome・

•Shewasassociatedwiththepeacock,becauseofhergreatbeauty.

•SheandZeuswerealwaysquarreling・

•Shewascalledthequeenofintriguers,avindictiveandjealouswife,whofrequentlyoutwittedherhusband,Zeus・

Poseidon-GodoftheSea

•liebuiltanunderwaterpalacewithagreatpearlandcoralthrone・

•AlthoughhechoseThetis,abeautifulwaternymph,ashisqueen,he,likehisbrotherZeus,wasagreatwandererfatheringhundredsofchildren.

•Hewasadifficultgod,changefulandquarrelsome,butcreatedmanycuriousformsforhisseacreatures・

•HeinventedthehorseforhissisterDemeter,whomheloved・

Hades_GodoftheUnderworld

•HewasthejealousbrothertoZeusandPoseidon.

•HemadePersephonehiswifeafterstealingherfromhermother,Demeter,whowashissister・

•Becausehewasaviolentgod,whowasalsoverypossessiveofeverynewsoul,herarelylefthisunderworlddomain.

Athena-GoddessofWisdom,Justice,War,CivilizationandPeace

•ShewasbornfullgrownoutoftheheadofZeus・

•Shetaughtnuintousetoolsandtaughthiswifetospinandweave・

•Shewasthebest-lovedgoddessonOlympus・

•ShehatedAres,godofwar,oftenbestinghiminbattle・

•TheGreekcityofAthensisnamedafterher・

•Shewassaidtohavecreatedthespider・

Apollo-TheSunGod；GodofMusic,Poetry,Wisdom,LightandTruth

•HewasthetwinbrotherofArtemisandthemosthandsomeofthegods・

•Hewasalsothegodofthehealingartsandofmedicine・

•Hedrovehischariotacrosstheskytopullthesuneachday.

•Hisson,Phaethon,drivesApollo*ssunchariotwithdisastrousresults

Sowhatdoesthishavetodowithsuperheroes?

1.Inadditiontogodsandgoddesses,theGreeksincludedmanyheroesintheirmyths.Heroeswereeitherhumanordemigods（theoffspringofahumanandagodorgoddess）・

2.MostsuperheroesoftodayhavetheiroriginsintheancientmythsofGreece,Rome,andotheroldempires・Today,weworshipsuperheroesinthesamewaysweonceworshippedthegods・

ZeusandSupennan

BothSupermanandZeusarebornleaders,themostpowerfuloftheirrespectivegroups・Supermanisoftenthoughtofasgodlike,thealiendeitywhohasbecomeincrediblyprotectiveofhisadoptivehome・LikeZeus,Supermandonsadisguisesothathemaywalkamongthemortalsandseewhatlifeis1ikeontheground・Butbotharemuchmoreathomeinthesky,soaringaboveuslikethegodstheyare・

HadesandBatman

Thedarkprince,preferringundergroundquartersandwithunimaginablewealth

2.AsHadesisthedarkbrotherofZeus,sotooisBatmanthedarkversionofSuperman・LikeHa