替代.docx
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替代.docx
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替代
省略与替代
(一)并列句中的省略
在并列句中,第二分句(或第三、第四分句)往往可以省略与前句相同的成分。
如:
Somebooksaretobetasted,others(are)tobeswallowed,andsomefew(are)tobechewedanddigested.
(二)简单句中的省略
1.省略主语
1)祈使句中的主语通常被省略。
如:
(You)Beseated,please.
2)其他省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。
如:
(I)Thankyouforyourhelp.(谢谢你的帮助。
)
(It)Doesn’tmatter.(没关系。
)
2.省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。
如:
(Thereis)Nosmoking.(禁止吸烟。
)
(Isthere)Anythingelse?
(还有其他事吗?
)
(Youcome)Thisway,please.(请这边走)。
(Willyou)Haveasmoke?
(吸支烟?
)
What(doyou)thinkaboutacupoftea?
(来一杯怎么样?
)
Why(doyou)notsayhellotohim?
(为什么不和他说声再见呢?
)
3.省略宾语。
如:
—DoyouknowMissGao?
(你认识高小姐吗?
)
—Idon’tknow(her).(我不认识。
)
—Whichofthemisthebetterchoice?
(他们中谁是更合适的人选?
)
—Well,it’shardtotell(it).(哟,这很难说。
)
4.省略表语。
如:
—Areyouthirsty?
(你渴吗?
)
—Yes,Iam(thirsty).(是的,我渴。
)
5.同时省略几个成分。
如:
—Areyoufeelingbetternow?
(你觉得好些吗?
)
—(Iamfeeling)Muchbetter(now).(好多了。
)
—Haveyoufinishedyourwork?
(你完成工作了吗?
)
—(Ihave)Not(finishedmywork)yet.(还没有。
)
(Iwish)Goodluck(toyou)!
(祝你顺利!
)
6.其他一些省略结构
1)名词所有格所修饰的名词,若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时,常常可以省略。
如:
WespenttheweekendattheBlacks’.
2)what和how引导的感叹句中,常可省略主语it和be动词。
如:
Whatawonderfulvictory(itis)forWilma!
Howwonderful(itwas)tobetreatedlikeanormalchild,evenwhenIwasbad.
3)不定式省略,单独使用不定式符号to。
①代替动词不定式后被省略的动词,常在beafraid,expect,forget,hope,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,refuse,seem,try,wand,wish等后边。
如:
Iaskedhimtoseethefilm,buthedidn’twantto.
②在have,need,ought,begoing,,used等后。
如:
Ididn’twanttogothere,butIhadto.
③在某些形容词glad,happy,pleased,delighted等后,如:
—Willyoujoininthegame?
—I’dbegladto.
④否定形式的省略用notto。
如:
—ShallIgoinsteadofhim?
—Iprefernotto.
⑤如果不定式中含有be,have,havebeen,通常保留be,have和havebeen。
如:
—Areyouasailor?
—No,butIusedtobe.
—Hehasn’tfinishedyet.
—Well,heoughttohave.
(三)复合句中的省略
1.定语从句中作宾语的关系代词that,which,whom常可以省略;当先行词是time,reason,place时作状语的关系副词when,why,where也可以省去。
如:
Thisisthefirsttime(when)hehadtroublewiththeboss.
2.当wh-疑问词引导宾语从句且后边的内容与前边重复时,可以把重复的内容省去,而保留wh-疑问词。
如:
Tomwassad,butIdon’tknowwhy(hewassad).
3.状语从句中的省略现象
一般来说,省略现象多出现于下列五种状语从句中:
由when,while,as,before,after,till,until,once等引导的时间状语从句;由if,unless,whether等引导的条件状语从句;由though,although,evenif,whatever等引导的让步状语从句,由as,than引导的让步状语从句;由as,asif,asthough方式状语从句。
上述状语从句在省略时,并不是任何成分都可以省略,而是遵循一定的原则:
1)当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时,可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be,这时从句中可出现如下结构:
①连词(as,asif,once)+名词
Once(hewas)ateacher,henowworksinagovernmentoffice.
②连词(though,whether,when)+形容词
Workhardwhen(youare)young,oryou’llregret.
③连词(whether,asif,while)+介词短语
Helookedeverywhereasif(hewas)insearchofsomething.
④连词(when,while,though)+现在分词
While(Iwas)walkingalongthestreet,Iheardmynamecalled.
⑤连词(when,if,evenif,unless,once,until,than,as)+过去分词
Theexhibitionismoreinterestingthan(itwas)expected.
⑥连词(asif,asthough)+不定式
Heopenedhislipsasif(hewere)tospeak.
注意:
当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时,间或也有这样的省略:
Herfathertoldhertobecarefulwhen(shewas)crossingthestreet.
2)当从句中的主语是it,谓语动词中又含有系统动词be时,可以把it和系动词be一起省略。
此时构成连词(if,unless,when,whenever)+形容词的结构。
如:
Unless(itis)necessary,you’dbetternotrefertothedictionary.
另外,我们还可以用so或not代替上文内容,此时可有if+so/not省略句式。
Getupearlytomorrow.Ifnot(youdon’tgetupearly),youwillmissthefirstbus.
Hemaynotbeathomethen,ifso(heisnotathome),leavehimanote.
替代
(一)so和not作替代词,代替被省略的某个词、词组或句子,一般同表示个人看法或想法的动词连用,作beafraid,believe,become,all,do,expect,fear,hope,imagine,say,see,speak,suppose,think等的宾语。
Not代替否定的句子,还可放在perhaps,probably,absolutely等副词后。
如:
Shewasnotangryatfirst,butbecameso(=angry)afterawhile.
—Ishethebeststudentintheclass?
—Ithinkso(=Heisbeststudentintheclass.)
—Ithinknot(=Heisnotthebeststudentintheclass).
(二)替代的应用
1.So可以放在句首或句尾,但若谓语动词是see,notice,hear等,则只能放在句首。
如:
Ibelieve(say,think…)so.=SoIbelieve(say,think…).
—Heisabsenttoday.
—SoIsee(hear,notice).
2.在表示肯定或怀疑意义的句中不可用so。
如:
误:
Idoubtso.
正:
Idoubtit.
3.在ask和know之后也不用so。
如:
误:
Whydoyouaskso?
正:
Whydoyouaskthat?
4.doso一般只用替代动态动词,不替代静态动词。
如:
Shesaidshewouldgowithme,butshedidn’tdoso.
—Alicefeelsbettertoday.
—Ithinkshedoes.
—Soshedoes.
但不可说:
Ithinkshedoesso.
基础训练
1.(2003春季全国高考题)Themanwefollowedsuddenlystoppedandlookedasif________whetherhewasgoingintherightdirection.
A.seeing B.having
C.tohaveseen D.tosee
2.(2002全国高考题)Meetingmyuncleafteralltheseyearswasanunforgettablemoment,________Iwillalwaystreasure.
A.that B.one C.it D.what
3.Ioftenthinkofmychildhood,during________Ilivedonmyuncle’sfarm.
A.whichB.whenC.whereD.who
4.—MayIhelpyouwithsomeshoes,sir?
—Yes,I’dliketotryonthosewhite________.
A.oneB.onesC.twoD.pair
5.Herearefourchoices,whichdoyouthinkisthebest________?
A.choicesB.thatC.onesD./
6.—What’sthedifferencebetweenthefirsthouseandthesecond?
—Thefirstonehasagaragewhilethesecondhas________.
A.nothingB.noneC.nooneD.neither
7.—HaveyoueverbeentoShanghai?
—________.
A.NotyetB.Haven’t
C.YetnotD.Stillnot
8.—Don’tforgettocometomybirthdayparty.
—________.
A.Idon’tB.Iwon’t
C.Idon’tforgetD.Iwon’tforget
9.—Besuretogetupearliertomorrowmorning.
—________.I’llbeasearlyasabird.
A.OK.IwillB.I’mafraid1can
C.OfcoursenotD.No,Iwill
10.—What’sthematterwithyou?
—Ididn’tpassthetest,but1still________
A.hopesoB.hopeto
C.hopeitD.hopethat
11.—Isshereallyill?
—________.She’sinhospital.
A.IhopesoB.I’msure
C.1don’tthinksoD.I’mafraidso
12.Iamhappyifyou________.
A.happyB.areC.willD.be
13.—Isayitisyourturntobeondutytoday.
—________?
A.MineB.IC.MyselfD.Me
14.Don’tcomeinunless________.
A.invitingB.invitingto
C.invitedtoD.beinginvitedto
15.—Iusuallygotherebytrain.
—Whynot________byboatforachange?
A.totrygoingB.trytogo
C.totryandgoD.trygoing
16.Thedoctordidwhathecould________theboy,butinvain.
A.saveB.tosave
C.savingD.saved
17.Hespentmostofhissparetime________novels.
A.toreadB.reading
C.toreadingD.forreading
18.Allthegirlwant________dois________stayathomeandstudyhard.
A./;toB.to;to
C.to;/D.eitherBorC
19.—Whydidyoutakeataxi?
—I________.Iwaslate.
A.havetoB.havetodo
C.hadtoD.hadtodo
20.—Whydidn’tyoudoyourhomeworkyesterday?
—But________,sir.
A.IdidsoB.Ididn’tdoit
C.Ididn’tforgetD.Ididdoit
21.Heisveryfamoushere,sowehadnotrouble________himyesterday.
A.tofindB.finding
C.foundD.infounding
22.—Howoftendotheygivetheconcert?
—________.
A.FortwiceamonthB.Intwiceamonth
C.TwiceamonthD.Twicemonth
23.Heisnot________hissister,but________.
A.tallerthan;strongerB.sotallas;strong
C.tallerthan;isstrongerD.astallas;stronger
24.—Youlookhappytoday,Mary.
—IlikemynewdressandMother________,too.
A.likesB.doesC.isD.do
25.—WhatdoyouthinkmadeMarysoupset?
—________hernewbicycle.
A.AsshelostB.Lost
C.LosingD.Becauseoflosing
26.—Who’sgotallmymoney?
—He________.
A.doesB.isC.wasD.has
27.Thechildrenaremade________twelvehoursaday.
A.toworkB.workC.workingD.worked
28.Weoftenhearhim________Englishsongs.
A.tosingB.sing
C.singingD.tobesinging
29.I’mverybusypreparingfortheexam,soIcan’thelp________thehousework.
A.doingB.doC.didD.done
30.Whatdoctorscandois________people’slife.
A.saveB.savingC.tosaveD.AorC
31.Although________tostop,hekeptonworking.
A.tellB.toldC.wastoldD.havingtold
32.Askhimtotakeyouhome________possible.
A.atB.whileC.ifD.ifthey
33.TheEnglishbookforkidsisthebestofitskind________.
A.thathaseverbeenmadeB.evermade
C.everbeenmadeD.haseverbeenmade
34.—WillSusanwintheNobelPrizethistime?
—Itislikelythatshe________.
A.willB.doesC.willdoD.winsit
35.IprefertheclimateofKunmingto________ofWuhan.
A.itB.oneC.thisD.that
36.—Mr.Blackhasjustarrived.
—Really?
________.Hedidn’tacceptourinvitation.
A.Ican’timagineitB.1don’tthinkso
C.IhopesoD.Idon’tbelievehim
37.Theyliveonabusymainroad.________mustbeverynoisy.
A.ThereB.ItC.ThatD.They
38.Wedon’tgotothecinemaasmuchas________.
A.weusedtogoB.weusedtodo
C.usedtoD.weusedto
39.Canadahasalargeareathan________China.
A.thatofB.theoneof
C.itofD./
40.________,I’llhavealettersenttoyourcompany.
A.IfnecessaryB.Ifitwerenecessary
C.AsI’mnecessaryD.Unlessitisnecessary
41.—ShallIinviteMiketomyparty?
—Yes,itwillbeniceifyou________.
A.doB.doinvite
C.areD.invite
42.—Haveyoubeenherelong?
—________.
A.No,notveryB.Notmuch
C.Yes,onlylittleD.No,onlyyesterday
43.—Doyoufollowme?
—Yes,________.
A.itisgood B.Iwill
C.perfectlyD.verygood
44.Lookoutforcars________thestreet.
A.whencrossedB.whencrossing
C.ifyoucrossedD.whileyouarecrossing
45.Sheworkedveryhard________stillratherpoorinhealth.
A.thoughsheB.althoughshe
C.thoughD.althoughwas
46.—Isthestampveryunusual?
—________.
A.Yes,verymuchB.Yes,itisso
C.Yes,veryD.Yes,notvery
47.—Canyouclimbthattree,mybo
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