The US Civil War lasted from 1861 to 1865 and led to over 618.docx
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The US Civil War lasted from 1861 to 1865 and led to over 618.docx
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TheUSCivilWarlastedfrom1861to1865andledtoover618
ThecausesoftheCivilWarmaybetracedtoacomplexmixoffactors,someofwhichcanbetracedbacktotheearliestyearsofAmericancolonization.Principalamongtheissueswasthefollowing:
CausesoftheCivilWar:
Slavery
SlaveryintheUnitedStatesfirstbeganinVirginiain1619.BytheendoftheAmericanRevolution,mostnorthernstateshadabandonedtheinstitutionwhileitcontinuedtogrowandflourishintheplantationeconomyoftheSouth.
IntheyearspriortotheCivilWaralmostallsectionalconflictsrevolvedaroundtheslaveissue.Thisbeganwiththedebatesoverthethree-fifthsclauseatthe ConstitutionalConventionof1787 andcontinuedwiththeCompromiseof1820,the NullificationCrisis,theanti-slaveryGagRule,andtheCompromiseof1850.
CausesoftheCivilWar:
SlaveryandControloftheGovernment
Throughoutthefirsthalfofthe19thcentury,Southernpoliticianssoughttodefendslaverybyretainingcontrolofthefederalgovernment.WhiletheybenefitedfrommostpresidentsbeingfromtheSouth,theywereparticularlyconcernedaboutretainingabalanceofpowerwithinintheSenate.AsnewstateswereaddedtotheUnion,aseriesofcompromiseswerearrivedattomaintainanequalnumberof"free"and"slave"states.
In1820,MaineenteredasafreestatewhileMissourijoinedasaslavestate.Thebalancewasfinallydisruptedin1850,whenSouthernerspermittedCaliforniatoenterasafreestateinexchangeforlawsstrengtheningslavery.
ThisbalancewasfurtherupsetwiththeadditionsoffreeMinnesota(1858)andOregon(1859).
CausesoftheCivilWar:
TwoRegionsonSeparatePaths
Thewideningofthegapbetweenslaveandfreestateswassymbolicofthechangesoccurringineachregion.WhiletheSouthwasdevotedtoanagrarianplantationeconomywithaslowgrowthinpopulation,theNorthhadembracedindustrialization,largeurbanareas,infrastructuregrowth,aswellaswasexperiencinghighbirthratesandalargeinfluxofEuropeanimmigrants.Thisboostin populationdoomedSoutherneffortstomaintainbalanceinthegovernmentasitmeantthefutureadditionofmorefreestatesandtheelectionofaNorthern,potentiallyanti-slavery,president.
CausesoftheCivilWar:
SlaveryintheTerritories
Thepoliticalissuethatfinallymovedthenationtowardsconflictwasthatofslaveryinthewesternterritorieswonduringthe Mexican-AmericanWar.Asimilarissuehadbeendealtwithearlier,in1820,when,aspartofthe MissouriCompromise,slaverywaspermittedintheLouisianaPurchase southof36°30'Nlatitude(thesouthernborderofMissouri).Rep.DavidWilmotattemptedtopreventslaveryinthenewterritoriesin1846,whenheintroducedtheWilmotProviso inCongress.Afterextensivedebateitwasdefeated.
In1850,anattemptwasmadetoresolvetheissue.Apartof Compromiseof1850 calledforslaveryintheunorganizedlands(largelyArizona&NewMexico)receivedfromMexicotobedecidedbypopularsovereignty.Thismeantthatthelocalpeopleandtheirterritoriallegislatureswoulddecideforthemselveswhetherslaverywouldbepermitted.Manythoughtthatthisdecisionhadsolvedtheissueuntilitwasraisedagainin1854withthepassageofthe Kansas-NebraskaAct.
CausesoftheCivilWar:
"BleedingKansas"
ProposedbySen. StephenDouglas ofIllinois,theKansas-NebraskaActessentiallyrepealedthelineimposedbytheMissouriCompromise.Douglas,anardentbelieveringrassrootsdemocracy,feltthatalltheterritoriesshouldbesubjecttopopularsovereignty.SeenasaconcessiontotheSouth,theactledtoaninfluxofpro-andanti-slaveryforcesintoKansas.Operatingfromrivalterritorialcapitals,the"FreeStaters"and"BorderRuffians"engagedinopenviolenceforthreeyears.
Thoughpro-slaveryforcesfromMissourihadopenlyandimproperlyinfluencedelectionsintheterritory, PresidentJamesBuchanan acceptedtheir LecomptonConstitution,andofferedittoCongressforstatehood.ThiswasturneddownbyCongresswhichorderedanewelection.In1859,theanti-slaveryWyandotteConstitutionwasacceptedbyCongress.ThefightinginKansasfurtherheightenedtensionsbetweenNorthandSouth.
CausesoftheCivilWar:
States'Rights
AstheSouthrecognizedthatcontrolofthegovernmentwasslippingaway,itturnedtoastates'rightsargumenttoprotectslavery.Southernersclaimedthatthefederalgovernmentwasprohibitedbythe TenthAmendment fromimpingingupontherightofslaveholderstaketheir"property"intoanewterritory.Theyalsostatedthatthefederalgovernmentwasnotpermittedtointerferewithslaveryinthosestateswhereitalreadyexisted.TheyfeltthatthistypeofstrictconstructionistinterpretationoftheConstitutioncoupledwithnullification,orperhapssecessionwouldprotecttheirwayoflife.
CausesoftheCivilWar:
Abolitionism
TheissueofslaverywasfurtherheightenedbytheriseoftheAbolitionistmovementinthe1820sand1830s.BeginningintheNorth,adherentsbelievedthatslaverywasmorallywrongratherthansimplyasocialevil.Abolitionistsrangedintheirbeliefsfromthosewhothoughtthatallslavesshouldbefreedimmediately(WilliamLloydGarrison,FrederickDouglas)tothosecallingforgradualemancipation(TheodoreWeld,ArthurTappan),tothosewhosimplywantedtostopthespreadofslaveryanditsinfluence(AbrahamLincoln).
Abolitionistscampaignedfortheendofthe"peculiarinstitution"andsupportedanti-slaverycausessuchastheFreeStatemovementinKansas.UpontheriseoftheAbolitionists,anideologicaldebatearosewiththeSouthernersregardingthemoralityofslaverywithbothsidesfrequentlycitingBiblicalsources.In1852, theAbolitionistcause receivedincreasedattentionfollowingthepublicationoftheanti-slaverynovel UncleTom'sCabin.WrittenbyHarrietBeecherStowe,thebookaidedinturningthepublicagainstthe FugitiveSlaveActof1850.
CausesoftheCivilWar:
JohnBrown'sRaid
JohnBrownfirstmadeanameforhimselfduringthe"BleedingKansas"crisis.Aferventabolitionist,Brown,alongwithhissons,foughtwithanti-slaveryforcesandwerebestknownforthe"PottawatomieMassacre"wheretheykilledfivepro-slaveryfarmers.Whilemostabolitionistswerepacifists,Brownadvocatedviolenceandinsurrectiontoendtheevilsofslavery.
InOctober1859,financedbytheextremewingofthe Abolitionistmovement,Brownandeighteenmenattemptedto raidthegovernmentarmory atHarper'sFerry,VA.Believingthatthenation'sslaveswerereadytoriseup,Brownattackedwiththegoalofobtainingweaponsfortheinsurrection.Afterinitialsuccess,theraiderswerecorneredinthearmory'senginehousebylocalmilitia.Shortlythereafter,USMarinesunder Lt.Col.RobertE.Lee arrivedandcapturedBrown.Triedfortreason,BrownwashangedthatDecember.Beforehisdeath,hepredictedthat"thecrimesofthisguiltylandwillneverbepurgedaway;butwithBlood."
CausesoftheCivilWar:
TheCollapseoftheTwo-PartySystem
ThetensionsbetweenNorthandSouthweremirroredinagrowingschisminthenation'spoliticalparties.Followingthecompromiseof1850andthecrisisinKansas,thenation'stwomajorparties,the WhigsandDemocrats,begantofracturealongregionallines.IntheNorth,theWhigslargelyblendedintoanewparty:
theRepublicans.
Formedin1854,asananti-slaveryparty,theRepublicansofferedaprogressivevisionforthefuturethatincludedanemphasisonindustrialization,education,andhomesteading.Thoughtheirpresidentialcandidate, JohnC.Frémont,wasdefeatedin1856,thepartypolledstronglyintheNorthandshowedthatitwastheNorthernpartyofthefuture.IntheSouth,theRepublicanPartywasviewedasadivisiveelementandonethatcouldleadtoconflict.
CausesoftheCivilWar:
Electionof1860
WiththedivisionoftheDemocrats,therewasmuchapprehensionastheelection1860approached.Thelackofacandidatewithnationalappealsignaledthatchangewascoming.RepresentingtheRepublicanswas AbrahamLincoln,whileStephenDouglasstoodfortheNorthernDemocrats.TheircounterpartsintheSouthnominatedJohnC.Breckinridge.Lookingtofindacompromise,formerWhigsintheborderstatescreatedtheConstitutionalUnionPartyandnominatedJohnC.Bell.
BallotingunfoldedalongprecisesectionallinesasLincolnwontheNorth,BreckinridgewontheSouth,andBellwon theborderstates.DouglasclaimedMissouriandpartofNewJersey.TheNorth,withitsgrowingpopulationandincreasedelectoralpowerhadaccomplishedwhattheSouthhadalwaysfeared:
completecontrolofthegovernmentbythefree
CausesoftheCivilWar:
SecessionBegins
InresponsetoLincoln'svictory,SouthCarolinaopenedaconventiontodiscusssecedingfromtheUnion.OnDecember24,1860,itadopted adeclarationofsecession andlefttheUnion.Throughthe"SecessionWinter"of1861,itwasfollowedbyMississippi,Florida,Alabama,Georgia,Louisiana,andTexas.Asstatesdeparted,localforcestookcontroloffederalfortsandinstallationswithoutanyresistancefromtheBuchananAdministration.ThemostegregiousacttookplaceinTexas,whereGen.DavidE.Twiggssurrenderedone-quarteroftheentirestandingUSArmywithoutashotfired.WhenLincolnfinallyenteredofficeonMarch4,1861,heinheritedacollapsingnation.
TheUSCivilWarlastedfrom1861to1865andledtoover618,000casualties.Itscausescanbetracedbacktotensionsthatformedearlyinthenation'shistory.Followingarethetopfivecausesthatledtothe"WarBetweentheStates."
1.EconomicandsocialdifferencesbetweentheNorthandtheSouth.
With EliWhitney's inventionofthecottongin in1793,cot
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