考研英美文学名词解释.docx
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考研英美文学名词解释.docx
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考研英美文学名词解释
英美文学名词解释TermsinEnglishandAmericanLiterature
1.Aestheticism/theAestheticismMovement(唯美主义)
AEuropeanphenomenonduringthemiddleofthe19thcenturythathaditschiefheadquartersinFrance.ThismovementwasintroducedtolateVictorianEnglandmainlyWalterPaterasareactionagainstthematerialismandcommercialismofanindustrializedsociety.ItwasalsoareactionagainsttheVictorianconventionofartformorality’ssake,orartformoney’ssake.Themajortenetsofthismovementincludethebeliefintheautonomyofaworkofart,theemphasisoncraftandartistry--thetheoryof“artforart’ssake”.ThemostoutstandingVictorianrepresentativesofthismovementincludedOscarWilde.
2.Allegory(寓言)
Ataleinverseorproseinwhichcharacters,actions,orsettingsrepresentabstractideasormoralqualities.Anallegoryisastorywithtwomeanings,aliteralmeaningandasymbolicmeaning.
寓言:
用诗歌或散文讲的故事,在这个故事中人物、事件或背景往往代表抽象的概念或道德品质。
所有的寓言都是一个具有双重意义、文学内涵或象征意义的故事。
3.Alliteration(头韵)
Itistherepetitionofthesameinitialconsonantsoundwithinalineoragroupofwordsinpoetry.InOldEnglishalliterativemeter,alliterationistheprincipalorganizingdeviceoftheverseline,suchasinBeowulf.
头韵:
在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复。
4.Allusion:
Areferencetoaperson,aplace,anevent,oraliteraryworkthatawriterexpectsthereadertorecognizeandrespondto.Anallusionmaybedrawnfromhistory,geography,literature,orreligion.
典故:
文学作品中作家希望读者能够认识或做出反应的一个人物、地点、事件或文学作品。
典故或来自历史、地理、文学或宗教。
5.AmericanNaturalism(美国自然主义)
TheAmericannaturalismacceptedthemorenegativeinterpretationofDarwin’sevolutionarytheoryandusedittoaccountforthebehaviorofthosecharactersinliteraryworkswhowereregardedasmoreorlesscomplexcombinationsofinheritedattributes,theirhabitswereconditionedbysocialandeconomicforces.Americannaturalismwasevolvedfromrealismwhentheauthor’stoneinwritingbecamelessseriousandlesssympatheticbutmoreironicandmorepessimistic.Itwasnomorethanagloomyphilosophicalapproachtoreality,ortohumanexistence.Dreiserwasaleadingfigureofthisschool.
6.AmericanPuritanism(美国清教主义)
PuritanismisthepracticesandbeliefsofthePuritans.TheAmericanpuritans,liketheirEnglishbrothers,areidealists.Theyacceptedthedoctrineofpredestination,originalsinandtotaldepravity,andlimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgraceformGod.Butduetothegrimstruggleforlivinginthenewcontinent,theybecomemoreandmorepractical.Americanpuritanismissomuchapartofthenationalatmosphereratherthatasetoftenets.
美国清教主义:
他们相信宿命论、原罪说、全体堕落和有限的赎罪。
7.AmericanRealism(美国现实主义)
InAmericanliterature,theCivilWarbroughttheRomanticPeriodtoanend.TheAgeofRealismcameintoexistence.GeorgeEliotintroducerealismintoEngland,andWilliamDeanHowellsintroduceditintotheUnitedStates.Itcameasareactionagainstthelieofromanticismandsentimentalism.Realismturnedfromanemphasisonthestrangetowardafaithfulrenderingoftheordinary,asliceoflifeasitisreallylived.Ithasbeenchieflyconcernedwiththecommonplacesofeverydaylifeamongthemiddleandlowerclasses,anditoffersanobjectiveratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandhumanexperience.Realisticliteraturefindsthedramaandtensionbeneaththesurfaceofordinarylife.Later,manywriters,notablyHenryJames,turnedtopsychologicalrealismthatcloselyexaminedthecomplexworkingsofthemind.
美国现实主义:
在美国文学史上,内战宣告了浪漫主义的终结和现实主义的开始。
现实主义反对浪漫主义和感伤主义的谎言,它从一个陌生的世界转向了普通人的真实生活的描写。
它所关心的是普通的下层劳动人民而非理想中的人类本性和现实经历。
8.AmericanRomanticism(美国浪漫主义)
TheRomanticPeriodcoversthefirsthalfofthe19thcentury.ArisingAmericawithitsidealsofdemocracyandequality,theboomingeconomy,theflourishingpublications,andavarietyofforeigninfluencesmadeitsliteraryexpansionpossibleandinevitable.Romanticssharedsomecharacteristics:
moralenthusiasm,individualityandintuitiveperception.IrvingplayedanimportantroleininspiringAmericanromanticismwithhismasterpiecesRipVanWinkleandTheLegendofSleepyHollow.Americanromanticismculminatedaroundthe1840s,whichcanbecalled“TranscendentalismorAmericanRenaissance”.OneofthemajorfigureinthisperiodwasEmerson.HisNaturehadbeencalled“themanifestoofAmericanTranscendentalism”.Inthepoetryaspect,WhitmanandDicksonweretwomajorAmericanpoetsinthisperiod.Inthenovelaspect,HawthorneandMelvillebelongedtoanothertypeofromanticism.Theyplacedincreasingvalueonthefreeexpressiononemotionandthepsychicstatesoftheircharacters.TheNewEnglandpoets,suchasLongfellowandBryantformedadifferentschoolfromWhitman,Dickson,ThoreauandPoe.
9.AngryYoungMen(愤怒的青年)
TheAngryYoungMenisajournalisticcatchphraseappliedtoanumberofBritishplaywrightsandnovelistsfromthemid-1950s.Theirworksmainlyexpressthebitternessofthelowerclassestowardstheestablishedsociopoliticalsystemandtowardsthemediocrityandhypocrisyofthemiddleandupperclasses.TheplaywrightJohnOsbornewasthearchetypalexampleoftheseangryyoungmenwithhissignatureplayLookBackinAngerin1956.
10.Antagonist(反面人物):
Apersonorforceopposingtheprotagonistinanarrative;arivaloftheheroorheroine.
反面人物:
一个故事中和主人公相对立的人物或一种力量,是男女主人公的对手。
11.AmericanTranscendentalism(美国超验主义)
AmericanTranscendentalismismorethananattitudeoftranscendentalists.To“transcend”somethingistoriseaboveit,topassbeyonditslimits.ThetranscendentalistsspeakforculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericansociety.ThemajorfeaturesofAmericanTranscendentalismare:
1.Transcendentalistsplaceemphasisonspirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheUniverse.2.Theystresstheimportanceoftheindividual.Tothem,theindividualwasthemostimportantelementofsociety.3.TheyofferafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.Naturewas,tothem,alive,filledwithGod’soverwhelmingpresence.
12.Aphorism(警句)
Aconcise,pointedstatementexpressingawiseorcleverobservationaboutlife.
警句:
蕴含关于人生真理的明智的看法的精练的语句。
13.Aside(旁白)
Indrama,linesspokenbyacharacterinanundertoneordirectlytotheaudienceand.Anasideissupposedlynotheardbyotheractorsonstage.
14.Assonance(类韵)
Therepetitionofsimilarvowelsounds,especiallyinpoetry.Assonanceisoftenemployedtopleasetheearoremphasizecertainsounds.
类韵:
在诗歌中相同或相似元音的重复,它的目的主要是用来使句子悦耳动听或用来强调某个音。
15.Autobiography(自传)
Theliteraryformofautobiographyisaperson’saccountofhisorherownlife.Anautobiographyisgenerallywritteninnarrativeformandincludessomeintrospection,suchasTheAutobiographywrittenbyBenjaminFranklin.
自传:
一个人对他或她自己生活的描述,自传是一种叙述性的文体,多包含回忆性的描写。
16.Ballad(民谣)
Itisarelativelyshortnarrativepoem,writtentobesung,withasimpleanddramaticaction.Theballadstelloflove,death,thesupernatural,oracombinationofthese.Twocharacteristicsoftheballadareincrementalrepetitionandtheballadstanza.Incrementalrepetitionrepeatsoneormorelineswithsmallbutsignificantvariationsthatadvancetheaction.Theballadstanzahasfourline;commonly,thefirstandthirdlinescontainfourfeetoraccents,thesecondandfourthlinescontainthreefeet.Balladoftenopenabruptly,presentbriefdescriptionsanduseconcisedialogues.
Thefolkballadisusuallyanonymousandthepresentationisimpersonal.Theliteraryballaddeliberatelyimitatestheformandspiritofafolkballad.TheRomanticpoetswereattractedtothisform,asLongfellowwithTheWreckoftheHesperus,ColeridgewithTheRimeoftheAncientMarine,whichislongerandmoreelaboratethanthefolkballad.
17.BalladStanza(民谣诗节)
Atypeoffour-linestanza,thefirstandthethirdlineshavefourstressedwordsorsyllables;thesecondandfourthlineshavethreestresses.
18.BeatGeneration(垮掉的一代)
TheBeatGenerationreferstoaloosely-knitgroupofpoetsandnovelists,writinginthesecondhalfofthee1950sandearly1960s.Theysharedasetofsocialattitudes--anti-establishment,anti-political,anti-intellectual,opposetotheprevailingcultural,literary,andmoralvalues,andwereinfavorofunfetteredself-realizationandself-expression.RepresentativesofthegroupwereAllenGinsbergwithhislongpoemHowlandJackKerouacwithhisOntheRoad.
19.Bildungsroman(成长小说)
Bildungsromandefinesagenreofthenovelwhichfocusesonthepsychologicalandmoralgrowthoftheprotagonistfromyouthtoadulthood,andinwhichcharacters’changeisthusextremelyimportant.InaBildungsroman,thegoalismaturity.CharlesDickens’DavidCopperfieldisaclassicalBildungsroman.
20.Biography(传记)
Adetailedaccountofaperson‘slifewrittenbyanotherperson.
传记:
由他人篆写的关于某人生平的详细记录。
21.Blackcomedy/Blackhumor(黑色幽默)
Itismostlyemployedtodescribebaleful,naive,orineptcharactersinafantasticornightmarishmodernworldplayingouttheirrolesinwhatIonescocalleda“tragicfarce”,inwhichtheevetsareoftensimultaneouslycomic,horrifying,andabsurd.JosephHeller’sCatch-22canbetakenasanexampleoftheemploymentofthistechnique.
22.BlackMountainPoets(黑山派诗人)
Itissometimescalledprojectivepoets(投射诗人),agroupofthemid-20thcenturyAmericanavant-gardeorpostmodernpoetscenteringonBlackMountainCollege.IntheessayProjectiveVerse,CharlesOlsoncalls“forpoetryofopenfield”compositiontoreplacetraditionalclosedpoeticformswithanimprovisedformthatshouldreflectexactlythecontentofthepoem.ThisessaybecamethemanifestofortheBlackMountainPoets.
23.BlankVer
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