01非谓语动词教师版长宁一模.docx
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01非谓语动词教师版长宁一模.docx
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01非谓语动词教师版长宁一模
学科教师辅导讲义
学员姓名:
年级:
授课时间:
课时数:
2辅导科目:
英语学科教师:
课题
非谓语动词
教学目标
掌握非谓语动词的使用和解题方法
重点
1.分词和动名词在形式上的区别
2.分词和不定式作定状补的区别
难点
1、不定式作定语时的主动表被动现象
2、独立主格
考点
分词和不定式作定状补的区别
非谓语动词
动词的非谓语形式有三种:
不定式、动名词和分词。
它们的句法作用见下表
主语
表语
宾语
宾补
主补
定语
状语
不定式
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
动名词
√
√
√
√
分词
√
√
√
√
√
(一)不定式
不定式的时态语态变化,具体结构如下表:
主动
被动
一般
todo
tobedone
进行
tobedoing
完成
tohavedone
tohavebeendone
完成进行
tohavebeendoing
不定式由“to+动词原形”构成,其否定形式是“nottodo”。
不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定时短语,没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化。
不定式可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语,但不能单独作谓语。
不定式的逻辑主语有时用“for+名词或代词宾格”构成。
1.不定式的用法
1)作主语
Toseeistobelieve.
Itisrighttogiveupsmoking.
2)作表语
Myjobistohelppatients.
3)作宾语
Hewantedtogo.
下列动词后常接不定式作宾语:
afford
agree
aim
appear
arrange
ask
attempt
beg
campaign
care
choose
claim
dare
decide
demand
expect
fail
fight
guarantee
happen
help
hesitate
hope
intend
long
manage
need
neglect
offer
pause
plan
prefer
prepare
pretend
promise
prove
refuse
seem
strive
swear
tend
threaten
trouble
undertaken
waite
want
wish
4)作定语
She’sfinallymadeadecisiontoleave.
不定式作定语表将来
TheconferencetotakeplaceinShanghainextmonthisofgreatimportance.
某些名词后必须用不定式作定语
①不定代词
Haveyouanthingtocuremybadcold?
②序数词、最高级、限定词
Heisalwaysthelastonetoleavetheoffice.
Lindawastheonlyonetostayforthewholeperformance.
③由某些动词、形容词派生的名词
这类名词有
agreement
arrangement
attempt
claim
decision
desire
determination
failure
need
offer
plan
pleasure
promise
refusal
tendency
threat
warning
wish
ability
ambition
ansiety
capability
curiosity
eagerness
freedom
patience
readiness
willingness
HehaspersistedinherrefusaltospendChristmasinBursley.
Yourabilitytoanalysetheproblemreallysurprisesme.
5)作状语,表示目的、结果、条件和原因
①目的状语
Icameheretoseeyou.
Tostopthetrain,pulltheleverdownwards.
这里的todo相当于inorderto;soasto,其否定式为inordernotto,soasnotto,但不能用notto
Weturnedthelightsoffinordernottowasteelectricity.
②作结果状语
Hehurriedtotheschoolonlytofindnobodythere.
6)作宾补
①感官动词
②使役动词
③表示“要求”、“希望”、“命令”等动词
Isawhimsinginthehouse.
Heaskedmetodotheworkwithhim.
【注意】
suggest,hope,demand,agree等动词作谓语动词,其后不能接宾语补足语,只能用宾语从句来表达意思。
2.不定式的其他用法
1)做独立成分
Totellthetruth,Idon’tagreewithyou.
常用的这类短语有:
tobefrank坦白地说tobeexact确切地说
tobesure当然,肯定tobeginwith首先
tosaytheleast说得轻些needlesstosay不用说
tosaynothingof…更不用说…
tomakealongstoryshort长话短说
2)不定式与疑问词who,which,when,where,how,what等连用,在句中起名词作用,可充当主语、表语、宾语等。
Hedidn’tknowwhattosay.
Myquestioniswhentostart.
3.不定式的时态
1)一般式
表示与谓语动词同时或之后发生。
Heissaidtobeveryrich.
Iplantoattendthemeetingtomorrow.
2)进行式
表示谓语动词的动作发生时,不定式的动作正在进行
HepretendedtobesleepingwhenIcamein.
3)完成式
①表示发生在谓语动词的动作之前
I’msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting
ThenovelisbelievedtohavebeentranslatedintoChinese.
*不定式的完成式和进行式常用在appear,happen/believe,pretend,seem等动词之后作宾语
②句中有for,since等时间状语
Heseemstohavebeenillforalongtime.
I’mhappytohavelivedwithyousinceIcametothisschool.
③表示没有实现的愿望
过去时+不定式完成式或过去完成时+不定式一般式
表示没有实现的愿望或计划“本打算,原希望”
be
bedueto
expect
intend
hope
mean
plan
promise
suppose
think
want
wish
Ihopedtohavefinishedtheworkearlier.
Iwastohavemethimatthestation,buthedidn’tcome.
Iintendedtohavecometoseeyou.
Ihadintendedtocallonyouyesterday,butsomeonecametoseemejustwhenIwasabouttoleave.
4.不定式的语态
1)不定式作主语、宾语、表语,其语态的主动或被动依照其含义而定
不定式作定语,逻辑主语是所修饰的名词
不定式做状语,逻辑主语是主句的主语
不定式做补语,逻辑主语是所对应的宾语或主语
Toloveandtobelovedisthegreatesthappinessoflife.
Thehousetobebuiltisthebiggestoneinthevillage.
Togetagoodmark,theboyworkveryhard.
Hehadthehomeworkfinishedintheschool.
2)不定式作定语的语态注意以下几种情况
①主动被被动的逻辑主语同时出现,不定式用主动形式
Ihavegotalettertowrite.(Iwritealetter.)
Doyouhaveanysuggestionstooffer?
(Youoffersuggestions.)
Doyouhaveanythingtobewashed?
②默认省略forsomebody
Itseemstobetheonlythingtodo.
Thegreatestthingtorememberisthis.
【Exercise】
区分下面两组句子的含义:
Ihavesomuchworktodo.我有很多工作要做(亲自做)
Ihavesomuchworktobedone.我有很多工作要做(找人做)
5.不带to的不定式
1)下列感官动词和使役动词后用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语
一感(feel),二听(hear,listento),三使役(make,let,have),五看(see,lookat,watch,notice,observe)
Ioftenhearhimsingthesong.
Heisoftenheardtosingthesong.
2)在下列结构的than之后常接不带to的不定式
wouldrather…than
wouldsooner…than
ratherthan
donothingthan
do(no)morethan
dolessthan
Iwouldrathergothanstay.
Thesepeoplewouldsoonerworkthanplay.
Heinsistedongoingbacktohisworkratherthanstayinhospital.
Inthecourseofadaystudentsdofarmorethanjustattendclasses.
3)在下列结构的but之后常接不带to的不定式
cannotbut
cannotchoosebut
cannothelpbut
donothingbut
havenothingtodobut
Icannotbutadmirehiscourage.
Shecouldnothelpbutweepatthesadnews
Shecoulddonothingbutcry.
如果介词to前没有行为动词do的各种形式,那么它后面的不定式要带to
Ihavenochoicebuttoacceptthefact.
Hedesirednothingbuttosucceed.
(二)分词
分词的时态语态变化,具体结构如下表:
主动
被动
一般式
doing
beingdone
完成式
havingdone
havingbeendone
过去分词
done
1.分词的用法
1)作定语
①现在分词作定语,表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词的动作同时发生。
Thegentlemanstandingoverthereisourprincipal.
②分词完成式不能作定语。
表示发生在谓语动词之前的动作,用定语从句。
如果是被动结构,直接用过去分词。
Theteachercriticizedthestudentwhohadbrokenthewindow.
Thethiefwhotookherbaghasbeenarrested.
TheTownHallcompletedinthe1800’swasthemostdistinguishedbuildingatthattime.
③现在分词和过去分词作前置定语时的区别
现在分词:
表进行、表主动
therisingsunfallingleafincreasingdemandlastingpeace
remainingdaysatiringdayguidingprinciple
neighbouringcountry
过去分词:
表被动,表完成,表情绪
therisensunfallenleafawrittenreportrequiredcourses
afrightenedglanceaworriedlookanexcitedscream
2)作状语
①表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式、伴随等
Hearingthenews,theyalldancedforjoy.
Heated,waterchangesintosteam.
Tryingformanytimes,hestillcouldn’topenthedoor.
Wounded,thebravesoldiercontinuedtofight.
Thechildrenranoutoftheroom,laughingandtalkingmerrily.
*分词作状语相当于一句状语从句
②分词和不定式作结果状语的区别
不定式作结果状语,表示出乎意料的结果
Iwenttohishouse,onlytofindhewasout.
分词做结果状语,表示自然的结果
Hedroppedthecup,breakingitintopieces.
③独立主格
当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时,分词必须有自己的主语,这种形式叫做独立主格结构。
独立主格结构通常由With引导。
Timepermitting,Iwillfinishanotherlesson
Motherbeingill,Ihavetostayhome.
Withwintercomingon,it’stimetobuywarmclothes.
Withtheauthoritieshavingarrived,theceremonybegan.
Hestoodthere,withhishatinhishandandapipeinhismouth.
3)作宾补
①感官动词
②使役动词
③表示“要求”、“希望”、“命令”等动词
Wesawtheteachermakingtheexperiment.
Itrytomakemyselfunderstood.
(三)动名词
1.动名词的用法
1)作主语
Seeingisbelieving.
2)作表语
Herjobisteaching
3)作宾语
Heisfondofplayingfootball.
①下列动词后常接动名词作宾语
admit
advise
allow
anticipate
appreciate
avoid
ban
confess
consider
delay
deny
detest
dislike
encourage
endure
enjoy
ensure
escape
excuse
face
fancy
feellike
finish
forbid
forgive
giveup
imagine
involve
include
keep
mention
mind
miss
omit
pardon
permit
postpone
practise
prevent
putoff
quit
recall
recommend
report
resist
risk
save
suggest
tolerate
understand
can’thelp
②下列短语后跟动名词作宾语
beaccustomedto
becommittedto
bedevotedto
beequalto
befamiliarto
beopento
beopposedto
bereducedto
berelatedto
besentencedto
besubjectedto
beusedto
admitto
addto
amountto
applyoneselfto
cometo
confessto
devoteoneselfto
findone’swayto
getdownto
givewayto
giveone’smindto
giveriseto
inadditionto
keepto
lookupto
leadto
lookforwardto
nextto
objectto
payattentionto
respondto
stickto
standupto
seeto
sayyes/noto
trustto
turnto
makeagreatcontributionto
③动词need,want,require“需要”,deserve“应得”后跟动名词主动式或不定时被动式。
Thewindow
needs
wants
requires
cleaning.
tobecleaned.
Hedeserved
hanging.
tobehanged.
4)作定语
Hehasareadingroom.
动名词作前置定语
writingdesksmokingroom
walkingstickfightingpost
2.动名词的惯用语
Itis
nouse/good
+doing
notanyuse/good
useless
主语+
havedifficulty/trouble
(in)doing
havefun/headaches
主语+
haveahard/goodtime
(in)doing
spendalotoftime
losenotime
Itisnouse/goodmakinganexcuseforthis.
Wehadgreatdifficulty(in)solvingtheproblem.
Theyhadalotoffunlisteningtofairytales.
Wehadadifficulttimepersuadinghim.
3.动名词的复合结构
当动名词本身有其逻辑主语时,就构成了动名词的复合结构。
动名词的复合结构可作主语或宾语。
作主语:
名词或代词所有格(Tom’s;His)
作宾语:
名词或代词所有格;名词普通格或代词宾格(Tom;him)
Tom’s/Hisbeingdiligentcannotbedenied.
Shedidn’tmindJack’s/his(或Jack/him)cominglate
当逻辑主语是无生命名词或不定代词(somebody,something),只用普通格。
Isthereanyhopeofourteamwinningthematch?
Shewasdisturbedbysomebodyshoutingoutside.
Theycomplainedabouteverythinggoingwrong.
【课堂练习】
1.The____boywaslastseen____neartheWestLakewithfriends.
A.missing…tobeplayingB.missed…played
C.missed…toplayD.missing…playing
2.Modestyenablesapersontomovefrombeingthecentreofattention_____theneedsofothers.
A.tofocusonB.focusedonC.tofocusingonD.focusingon
3._____tonuclearradiation,evenforashorttime,mayproducechangesofgenesinhumanbodies.
A.BeingexposedB.Havingexposed
C.ExposedD.Afterbeingexposed
4._____forthisreadysourceofmoney,manyearlyAmericansheadedwestandexploredthenewterritories.
A.TosearchB.SearchingC.SearchedD.Hav
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