大学英语精读第6册课文全文翻译中英对照36页.docx
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大学英语精读第6册课文全文翻译中英对照36页.docx
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大学英语精读第6册课文全文翻译中英对照36页
大学英语精读第6册全文课文翻译
这个工作可让学生分组负责收集整理,登在小黑板上,每周一换。
要求学生抽空抄录并且阅读成诵。
其目的在于扩大学生的知识面,引导学生关注社会,热爱生活,所以内容要尽量广泛一些,可以分为人生、价值、理想、学习、成长、责任、友谊、爱心、探索、环保等多方面。
如此下去,除假期外,一年便可以积累40多则材料。
如果学生的脑海里有了众多的鲜活生动的材料,写起文章来还用乱翻参考书吗?
第六册
RESEARCHREPORTSFORBUSINESSANDTHECNICALWRITING
Asurprisingamountofone'stimeasastudentandprofessionalisspentreportingtheresultsofone'sresearchprojectsforpresentationtoteachers,managers,andclients.Indeed,withoutbasicresearchskillsandtheabilitytopresentresearchresultsclearlyandcompletely,anindividualwillencountermanyobstaclesinschoolandonthejob.Theneedforsomeresearch-writingabilityisfeltnearlyequallybycollegestudentsinallfields,engineeringandscienceaswellasbusinessandthehumanities.Graduatestudyoftenmakesgreatdemandsonthestudent'sresearch-writingskills,andmostprofessionscontinuethedemand;education,advertisingandmarketing,economicsandaccounting,scienceandengineering,psychology,anthropology,thearts,andagriculturemayallrequireregularreportingofresearchdata.
ELEMENTSOFTHERESEARCHPAPER
Thestandardresearchreport,regardlessofthefieldortheintendedreader,containsfourmajorsections.Thesesectionsmaybebrokendownintoavarietyofsubsections,andtheymaybearrangedinavarietyofways,buttheyregularlymakeupthecoreofthereport.
ProblemSection.Thefirstrequiredsectionofaresearchreportisthestatementoftheproblemwithwhichtheresearchprojectisconcerned.Thissectionrequiresaprecisestatementoftheunderlyingquestionwhichtheresearcherhassetouttoanswer.Inthissamesectionthereshouldbeanexplanationofthesignificance--social,economic,medical,psychological,educational,etc.--ofthequestion;inotherwords,whytheinvestigationwasworthconducting.Thus,ifwesetout,forexample,toanswerthequestion"WhatistheeffectofregularconsumptionoffastfoodsonthehealthoftheAmericanteenager?
"wemustexplainthatthequestionisthoughttohavesignificantrelevancetothehealthofthissegmentofthepopulationandmightleadtosomesortofregulationsonsuchfoods.
Afrequentsubsectionofthisproblemsectionisareviewofpastresearchonthetopicbeinginvestigated.Thiswouldconsistofsummariesofthecontributionsofpreviousresearchertothequestionunderconsiderationwithsomeassessmentofthevalueofthesecontributions.Thissubsectionhasrhetoricalusefulnessinthatitenhancesthecredibilityoftheresearcherbyindicatingthatthedatapresentedisbasedonathoroughknowledgeofwhathasbeendoneinthefieldand,possibly,growsoutofsomeinvestigativetradition.
ProceduresSection.Thesecondmajorsectionoftheresearchreportdetails,withasmuchdataaspossible,exactlyhowthestudywascarriedout.Thissectionincludesdescriptionofanynecessaryequipment,howthesubjectswereselectedifsubjectswereused,whatstatisticaltechniquewasusedtoevaluatethesignificanceofthefindings,howmanyobservationsweremadeandwhen,etc.Aninvestigationoftherelativeeffectivenessofvariousswim-strokeswouldhavetodetailthenumberofswimmerstested,thenatureofthetestsconducted,theexperienceoftheswimmers,theweatherconditionsatthetimeofthetest,andanyotherfactorsthatcontributedtotheoverallexperiment.Thegoaloftheproceduressectionistoallowthereadertoduplicatetheexperimentifsuchweredesiredtoconfirm,orrefute,yourfindings.
ResultsSection.Thethird,andperhapsmostimportant,sectionoftheresearchreportisthepresentationoftheresultsobtainedfromtheinvestigation.Thebasicruleinthissectionistogivealldatarelevanttotheresearchquestioninitiallyasked.Although,ofcourse,one'snaturaltendencymightbetosuppressanyfindingswhichdonotinsomewaysupportone'shypothesis,suchdishonestyisantitheticaltogoodresearchreportinginanyfield.Iftheexperimentsundertakenfailtoproveanything,ifthedatawasinadequateorcontrarytoexpectations,thereportshouldbehonestlywrittenandascompleteaspossible,justasitwouldbeifthehypothesisweretotallyprovenbytheresearch.
DiscussionSection.Thefinalrequiredsectionofaresearchreportisadiscussionoftheresultsobtainedandastatementofanyconclusionswhichmaybedrawnfromthoseresults.Ofprimaryinterestinbusinessandtechnicalresearchreportsisthevalidityoftheresultsasthebasesforcompanydecisions:
Willourplannedconstructionprojectmeetfederalenvironmentalguidelinesandbeapprovedforbuilding?
Willthisnewprogramattractskilledpersonneltoourcompany?
Willthisnewoilrecoverytechniquebefinanciallyfeasible?
Thus,thediscussionsectionoftheresearchreportmustevaluatetheresearchresultsfully:
weretheyvalidlyobtained,aretheycompleteorlimited,aretheyapplicableoverawiderangeofcircumstances?
Thediscussionsectionshouldalsopointoutwhatquestionremainunansweredandperhapssuggestdirectionsforfurtherresearch.
STYLEOFRESEARCHREPORTS
Researchreportsareconsideredformalprofessionalcommunication.Assuch,thereislittleemphasisonalivelystyle,although,ofcourse,thereisnoobjectiontowritingthatispleasingandinteresting.Theprimarygoalsofprofessionalcommunicationareaccuracy,clarity,andcompleteness.Theroughdraftofanyresearchreportshouldbeeditedtoensurethatalldataiscorrectlypresented,thatallequipmentislisted,thatallresultsareproperlydetailed.Asanaidtothereader,headingsindicatingatleastthemajorsectionofthereportshouldbeused,andalldatashouldbepresentedundertheproperheadings.Inadditiontotheirfunctionofsuggestingtothereaderthecontentsofeachsection,headingsenhancetheformalappearanceandprofessionalqualityofthereport,increasetosomedegreethewriter'scredibilitybyreflectingalogicalandmethodicalapproachtothereportingprocess,andeliminatetheneedforwordytransitionaldevicesbetweensections.
Researchdatashouldbepresentedinawaythatplacesproperemphasisonmajoraspectoftheproject.Fordifferentreadersdifferentaspectswilltakeondifferentdegreesofimportance,andsomeconsiderationshouldbegiventostructuringresearchreportsdifferentlyfordifferentaudiences.Management,forexample,willbemostconcernedwiththeresultsofaresearchproject,andthustheresultssectionshouldbeemphasized,probablybypresentingitimmediatelyaftertheproblemsectionandbeforetheproceduressection.Otherresearcherswouldbemostinterestedintheproceduressection,andthisshouldbehighlightedinwritingupresearchprojectsforpublicationinprofessionaljournalsorforpresentationatprofessionalconferences.Fornon-technicalreadersandfederalagencies,theimplicationsoftheresultsmightbethemostimportantconsideration,andemphasisshouldbeplacedonthediscussionofthereportforthisreadership.
Foradditionalclarityandemphasis,majorresultsshouldbepresentedinavisualformat--tables,charts,graphs,diagrams--aswellasinaverbalone.
Beyondcheckingthereportforclarityandaccuracyinthepresentationoftechnicaldata,theauthorofaresearchreportshouldreviewforbasicgrammaticalandmechanicalaccuracy.Shortsentencesarepreferabletolonginthepresentationofcomplexinformation.Listingsshouldbeusedtobreakuplongpassagesofproseandtoemphasizeinformation.Theresearchwritershouldtrytousethesimplestpossiblelanguagewithoutsacrificingtheprofessionalqualityofthereport.Althoughspecializedtermscanbeused,pretentiousjargonshouldbeavoided.Afinishedresearchreportshouldbereadableandusefuldocumentpreparedwiththereaderinmind.
CONCLUSION
Althoughwestrugglewithresearchreportsinhighschool,dreadthemincollege,andareoftenburdenedbytheminourprofessionallive,learningtolivecomfortablywiththemisarelativelyeasytask.Apositiveattitude(i.e.onethatseemtheoralorwrittenpresentationofresearchresultsasofequalimportancetothedata-gatheringprocess);anorderlyapproachwhichincludesprewriting(i.e.,beforeanyactualresearchisdone,theresearchershouldtrytogetdownonpaperasmuchaboutthesubjectunderinvestigationaspossible)andaformalresearchreportstructureastheframeworkfortheinvestigation;andareasonableapproachtotheactualwritingprocessincludingeditingforaccuracyandclarity,willhelponetoproduceeffectiveresearchreportsefficiently.
THEBEGINNINGOFACARREER
DearMother,
Youramazingtelegram[telegramannouncing$500Mademoiselleprizefor"SundayattheMintons,"whichIforwarded]camejustasIwasscrubbingtablesintheshadyinteriorofTheBelmontdiningroom.IwassoexcitedthatIscreamedandactuallythrewmyarmsaroundtheheadwaitresswhonodoubtthinksIamratherinsane!
Anyhow,psychologically,themomentcouldn'thavebeenbetter.Ifelttired--one'sfirstnight'ssleepinanewplaceneverispeaceful--andIdidn'tgetmuch!
Totopitoff,Iwastheonlygirlwaitresshere,andhadbeenscrubbingfurniture,washingdishesandsilver,liftingtables,etc.since8a.m.Also,IjustlearnedsinceIamcompletelyinexperienced,Iamnotgoingtobeworkinginthemaindiningroom,butinthe"sidehall"wherethemanagersandtophotelbrasseat.So,tipswillnodoubtnetmuchlessduringthesummerandthecompanybelessinteresting.SoIwasbeginningtoworryaboutmoneywhenyourtelegramcame.God!
Tothink"SundayattheMintons"isoneoftwoprizestoriestobeputinabignationalslick!
Frankly,Ican'tbelieveit!
ThefirstthingIthoughof
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