供应链物流管理第四章.ppt
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供应链物流管理第四章.ppt
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Chapter4ProcurementandManufacturingOutlinevDimensionsofProductQualityvProcurementvManufacturingvLeanandSixSigmavLogisticalInterfacesvSummary2011-3-162双语PPTFigure2-2LogisticalIntegration2011-3-163双语PPTThreeperformancecycleswereidentifiedthatmustbelinkedthrougheffectivelogistics.vProcurementcyclelinksanorganizationwithitssuppliersvThemanufacturingsupportcycleinvolvesthelogisticsofsupportingproductionvThecustomeraccommodationcyclelinksafirmwithitsmarkets.2011-3-164双语PPTreviewvP41vTheperformancecyclerepresentstheelementsofworknecessarytocompletethelogisticsrelatedtocustomeraccommodation,manufacturing,orprocurement.2011-3-165双语PPT4.1Howtomeasuredimensionsofproductquality?
vvPerformancevThemostobviousaspectofquality;vAnitemmayactuallyhaveseveralperformancedimensions;vv电脑电脑,运行速度、内存、硬盘容量、外观等vInternalmemory,harddiskcapacity,andnumerousotherperformancefeatures.2011-3-166双语PPT4.1Howtomeasuredimensionsofproductquality?
vvReliabilityReliabilityv可靠性,thelikelihoodthataproductwillperformthroughoutitsexpectedlife.在产品的预期寿命内,该产品正常工作的可能性。
购买后的维修次数;vvDurabilityDurabilityv耐用性,是产品的实际使用寿命。
Itreferstotheactuallifeexpectancyofaproduct.vDurabilityandreliabilityaredistinctbutinterrelatedaspectsofquality.2011-3-167双语PPT4.1Howtomeasuredimensionsofproductquality?
ConformanceConformance一致性一致性,conformancereferstowhetherafirmsproductsactuallymeettheprecisedescriptionorspecificationsasdesigned.实际产品是否真正满足设计的标准和要求。
废品率、返工率或缺陷率;vvFeaturesFeatures功能vvAestheticsAesthetics美观vvServiceabilityServiceability可维护性vvPerceivedqualityPerceivedquality品质认知度2011-3-168双语PPTTotalqualitymanagementvAphilosophybyamanagerialsystemv
(1)topmanagementcommitmentandsupport;高层领导的承诺和支持;v
(2)maintainingacustomerfocusinproduct,service,andprocessperformance;用户对产品、服务和运作过程的关注;v(3)integratedoperationswithinandbetweenorganizations;企业内部、企业之间的一体化运作;v(4)commitmenttocontinuousimprovement.对于不断改进的承诺2011-3-169双语PPT质量标准ISO4.2ProcurementvImportanceattributedtoseveralfactors:
v第一,thesubstantialdollarspendforpurchasesofatypicalorganizationandthepotentialdollarsavingsfromaviableprocurementstrategy.v可行的采购策略可以节约大量资金;v第二,企业日益重视外包策略。
Why?
2011-3-1611双语PPTanswervTheamountspentonprocurementhasincreasedsignificantly;vFirmsspinofffunctionstosupplierstofocusinternalresourcesoncorecompetencies;vSo,moremanagerialattentionmustthenbefocusedonhowtheorganizationinterfacesandeffectivelymanagesitssupplybase.2011-3-1612双语PPTProcurementperspectivesvTheemphasishasshiftedfromadversarial,transaction-focusednegotiationwithsupplierstoensuringthatthefirmispositionedtoimplementitsmanufacturingandmarketingstrategieswithsupportfromitssupplybase.从供应商处取得足够的支持。
2011-3-1613双语PPTProcurementperspectivesvContinuoussupply一旦原材料或零部件出现缺货,会造成生产计划的中断,带来预期之外的损失。
vMinimizeinventoryinvestmentvOnegoalofprocurementistomaintainsupplycontinuitywiththeminimuminventoryinvestmentpossible.在保证持续供应情况下,尽可能地降低库存投入。
vThisrequiresbalancingthecostsofcarryingmaterialagainstthepossibilityofaproductionstoppage.(停产)2011-3-1614双语PPTProcurementperspectivesvQualityimprovement提高质量vSupplierdevelopment供应商的开发vItisimportanttodevelopcloserelationshipswiththosesuppliersinordertoshareinformationandresourcestoachievebetterresults.vvLowesttotalcostofownershipLowesttotalcostofownership所有权总成本的最小化2011-3-1615双语PPTLowesttotalcostofownershipvPurchaseprice+serviceprice+lifecyclecostsvBidding:
purchaseprice&discountsvv批量折扣批量折扣与库存持有成本库存持有成本与运输成本运输成本FortheForthebenefitsofquantitydiscountstobefactoredintobenefitsofquantitydiscountstobefactoredintothetotalcost,thebuyermustquantifyinventorythetotalcost,thebuyermustquantifyinventoryholdingcosts.holdingcosts.vvSuppliertermsofSuppliertermsofsaleandcashdiscountsaleandcashdiscountstructuresstructuresalsoimpactthetotalcostofownership.alsoimpactthetotalcostofownership.vvTransportationcostsTransportationcostsvv表表4.14.1所有权总成本的构成部分所有权总成本的构成部分2011-3-1616双语PPT所有权总成本最小化v第一,传统采购模式中,买卖双方相互对立,敌对的谈判关系;仅重视采购价格;忽视订货数量等物流成本的影响等。
v第二,当今采购模式重视所有权总成本最小化,体现在如下:
v关注卖方的购买价格和折扣。
数量折扣和现金折扣;v关注库存成本。
订货量增大导致其上升;v关注卖方的促销方式和现金折扣。
(立即支付折扣的优惠);2011-3-1617双语PPTTobecontinuedv订单数量、不同批量的订单处理等物流成本的综合考虑;v关注增值服务,比如交货方式和条件,特殊包装和组装加工,等等。
需要将采购价格和增值服务价格分开来考虑,选择最小总成本;v关注产品的生命周期成本。
产生于接收产品之前,过程中,很久之后等。
包括各种与采购有关的管理费等2011-3-1618双语PPT4.2.2ProcurementStrategiesvVolumeconsolidation批量合并批量合并vMultiplesources传统观点,多供应商多供应商最佳采购策略vLowprices:
vPotentialsupplierswerecontinuallybiddingforabuyersbusiness.vReducethebuyersdependence:
vMaintainingmultiplesourcesreducesthebuyersdependenceonanyonesupplier.2011-3-1619双语PPTandvVolumeconsolidation现代观点,批量合并,增加谈判筹码。
但风险会增加,故应对供应商要进行严格筛选,选择和认证vItincreasesthebuyersnegotiatingstrengthinrelationshiptothesupplier.vvProvidesanumb
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