绿色壁垒英文文献及翻译.docx
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绿色壁垒英文文献及翻译.docx
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绿色壁垒英文文献及翻译
Appendix:
GreenBarriersfromtheStandpointofSustainableDevelopment
Abstract:
Greenbarriersareonekindofnon-tariffbarrier(NTB).Thispaperpointsoutthatgreenbarriersevolvedfromsustainabledevelopmenttheoryandenvironmentalprotection,butarecompatiblewithtruecomparativeadvantage.ThebestwaytosurmountgreenbarriersforChineseenterprisesistoimplementcircularproductionprocessesandcleanproductiontechniques.
KeyWords:
Greenbarriers,sustainabledevelopment,ecologyenvironment,circulareconomy,life-cycleanalysis.
1.Introduction
SincetheopeningupandeconomicreformofChina,itsforeigntradevolumehasrisencontinuouslyfromUS$20.6billionin1978toUS$1,422billionin2005.ThesumofexportsplusimportsasafractionofGDPis65.8%,theshareofexportsis36.2%,theshareofimportsis29.6%in2006inChina(TheNationalBureauofStatisticsofChina,2006).Exportsmainlyconcentrateonlaborintensiveandresourceintensiveindustries:
laborintensiveproductsaccountingfor40%oftotalmanufacturingexportsandresourceintensiveincludingrubberandmetalproductsaccountingfor20%.Thisexportpatterndepletesresourcesandcauseshighemissionsandhighpollution,aseriousenvironmentalprobleminChina(Gu,2005).Inaddition,besidesagriculturalproducts,theexportationofmechanicalandelectricalproductsisfacingincreasingtechnicalbarrierssuchasnoise,pollution,safetystandards,energysaving,andrecyclingrequirements.Everyyear,aboutUS$8billionofexportproductsareaffectedbyforeigngreenlabelingandtrademarksandUS$24billionofproductsareindirectlyinfluencedsincepackingmethodsdonotsatisfytheenvironmentalprotectionstandardofdevelopedcountries.Therefore,howtotreatandcopewithgreenbarriersisimperativeforChina’sforeigntrade.
2.GreenBarriers
Whiletherearenoaccurateandcleardefinitionsininternationaltreatiesoragreements,a‘greenbarrier’isanewtermtomeantheapplicationofstricttechnicalstandardsandregulationsininternationaltrade(Dong,2003).Besidesagreenenvironmentallabel,greenbarriersalsoincludeenvironmentalsurtaxes,marketaccessrequirements,greentechnologystandards,greenpackaging,greensanitarymeasuresandgreensubsidiaries(Leng,2005).
Normally,agreenbarrierisregardedasanenvironmentalbarrierimplementedbydevelopedcountries,who,onthegroundsofprotectionofanimalorplantlife,establishstrictandcompulsorymeasurestorestrictcertainimportedproducts(Gao,2004).Accordingtosomeauthors,greenbarriersareatypeofprotectionism,unfairtodevelopingcountriesandrestrictingtheireconomicdevelopment(TangandTan,2004).
Infact,theevolutionandpracticeofgreenbarriersconformstosustainableglobaleconomicdevelopmentalongthelinesoftruecomparativeadvantage.Developedcountriesrealizedsoonerthefactsconcerningenvironmentalexternalitiesandtheirdamagetohumansandtheenvironment.Somedevelopedcountriessetuptechnologicalstandardsontheenvironmentandnaturalresources,requiringthatboththeendproductsandalltheproductionprocesses(R&D,producing,packing,transporting,consumingandrecycling)conformtoenvironmentalprotectionrequirements.Hence,greenbarriershaveappearedontheinternationaltradestage.
IfgreenbarriersaredefinedasunfairanddiscriminatorymeasuresrelatingtotradeassomeChinesescholarsthink,aresistingandrejectingattitudewillpersist.Thiswillignorethepositiveeffectsofgreenbarriersonprotectingtheenvironmentaswellasthehealthofhumanbeings,animalsandplants.Unlessarbitraryorunjustifiableenvironmentaltrademethodshinderinternationaltrade,arationalattitudeandanalysisshouldbeadopted.
3.ARationalAnalysisofGreenBarriers
Greenbarriersaretheoutcomeofeconomicdevelopment(Feng,2004).Massproductionanddevelopmentoftechnologybringabouttworesults.Oneisthepositiveeffectoneconomy,increasingincomeandlivingstandards;theotheristhehuge,sometimesirreversiblenegativeinfluenceonnaturalresourcesandtheenvironment.Manyexamplescanbeseenworldwide:
desertencroachment,deforestation,watershortages,acidrain,biodiversityreduction;inshort,air,landandseapollutioningeneral.Whileenjoyingtheincreasedwelfarecausedbyhigheconomicgrowth,theworldissufferingseriousenvironmentaldeterioration(Na,2000).OurCommonFuture(WCED,1987)putforwardtheideaofsustainabledevelopmentin1987,callingforacommonendeavorthathumanbeingsshouldprotecttheenvironmentandthehealthofpeople,animalsandplants.TheWCEDdefinedsustainabledevelopmentasdevelopmentwhichmeetstheneedsofthepresentwithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds.In1994,theIISDproposedtheWinnipegPrinciplesasameansforreconcilinginternationaltradeanddevelopmentsoastoachievesustainabledevelopment(IISD,1994).Theseprinciplesconstituteastartingpointtointegratetrade,theenvironmentanddevelopment.Thecentralideainconsideringinternalizingtheenvironmentthroughinternationalcooperationisregulationininternationaltrade.Economicgrowtharisingfromtradeliberalizationisthenecessaryconditionforsustainabledevelopment,buttradeliberalizationwithoutsufficientenvironmentregulationwillinduceenvironmentaldegradation(Wang,2005).Therefore,basedonsustainabledevelopmenttheoryandcompatibilitywithcomparativeadvantage(seetheAppendix),greenbarriershaveapositiveandrationaleffect.
3.1.AnInternationalEnvironmentalManagementSystemIncorporatingRationalGreenBarriers
Firstofall,theWTO/GATTisnotagainstenvironmentalmeasuresrelatedtotradeadoptedbyitsmembercountries.ArticleXX(b)and(g)allowWTOmemberstoadoptandenforcemeasuresiftheseareeithernecessarytoprotecthuman,animalorplantlifeorhealth,orifthemeasuresrelatetotheconservationofexhaustiblenaturalresources.However,suchmeasuresshouldnotrepresentadisguisedrestrictiononinternationaltradenorbediscriminatoryinapplication.ThisArticlehasbeenregardedasthegeneralprinciplefordealingwithenvironmentaldisputesundertheWTO.Inaddition,environmentalexceptionscanbefoundinmanyWTOagreementsliketheAgreementonAgriculture,theAgreementonSubsidiesandCountervailingMeasures,TradeRelatedIntellectualPropertyRights(TRIPS)andothers.Theseregulationsimplythatcountrieshavetherighttoestablishprotectionofhuman,animalorplantlifeortheenvironment,subjecttotherequirementthattheprotectiondoesnotconstitutearbitrarydiscriminationorunwarrantedrestrictionontrade.Therefore,agreenbarrierasanenvironmentalmeasurerelatedtotrade,hasbeenwidelyaccepted,atleastinprinciple,byWTOmembers.
Furthermore,theISOpromulgatedISO14000in1996inordertomaintainglobalecologicalbalanceandtoharmonizeenvironmentalprotectionandeconomicdevelopment.ISO14000includesenvironmentalmanagementstandards,environmentalauditing,environmentallabeling,andenvironmentalimpactassessments.ItaimsatestablishinganEnvironmentalManagementSystem,promotingitsimplementationthroughenvironmentassessmentandauditingtoimprovetheglobalenvironment.ISO14000hasanactiveeffectonreducingresourcedepletionandabatingpollutionemission.TheEuropeanUnionhasappliedISO14000,requestingthatallimportedgoodsmeetitsenvironmentstandardscoveringmaterials,production,marketing,consumptionanddisposal.IfISO14000canbeadopteduniversally,itwilldiminisharbitrarytradebarriersandpromotethedevelopmentofworldtradealongthelinesoftruecomparativeadvantage.Aninternationalunifiedsystemtoregulatetheenvironmentissueisnecessaryinordertoachieveglobalsustainabledevelopment.
3.2.ThePositiveExternalityofGreenBarriers
Thepositiveexternalityofgreenbarriersisnotonlyembodiedinenvironmentalandtechnologicaleffects,butalsoinaligningworldproductionaccordingtotruecomparativeadvantage.Theexistenceofgreenbarriersrequirestheinternalizationoftheenvironmentcostintotheprocessofproduction.Theproductsmustbefriendlytotheenvironmentandshouldnotdamagetheenvironmentinproduction,transitordisposal.Theserequirementsmaketradedgoodscomplywithenvironmentalregulationsandstandardssoastoprotecttheecologicalenvironmentofimportingand
exportingcountries,aswellastocreatemoreresourcesforenvironmentalinvestment.Protectingtheenvironmentinonecountrywillhaveapositiveimpactonitsneighborsandtheglobalenvironment;henceactingasapositiveglobalexternality.Theemergenceofgreenbarriersreflectsthedemandforthecoordinateddevelopmentoftheenvironmentandthedirectionofdevelopmentofhumansociety.Theimplementationofgreenbarriersalsoacceleratesthestrengthofenvironmentalandgreenconsumptionawareness.
Stringentenvironmentalstandardsandmarketaccessrequirementsindevelopedcountrieswillspurdevelopingcountriestolearnadvancedtechnologiesandimproveproductionlevelswhileprovidingforenvironmentalprotection.Thesegreenbarrierswillbringaboutapositiveexternalityoftechnologyspilloveriftheirimplementationhasanactiveinfluenceonthegreeningofworldproduction.
3.3.TheStimulatingEffectofGreenBarriers
ThePorterHypothesis,proposedbyMichaelPorterofHarvardUniversity,putsforwardthedebateontherelationshipbetweenenvironmentalregulationandcompetitiveness.AccordingtothePorterHypothesis,strictenvironmentalregulationscaninduceefficiencyandencourageinnovationsthatimprovecompe
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