HowToSpotALiar.docx
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HowToSpotALiar.docx
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HowToSpotALiar
HowtoSpotaLiar
Howevermuchwemayabhorit,deceptioncomesnaturallytoalllivingthings.Birdsdoitbyfeigninginjurytoleadhungrypredatorsawayfromnestingyoung.Spidercrabsdoitbydisguise:
adorningthemselveswithstripsofkelpandotherdebris,theypretendtobesomethingtheyarenot--andsoescapetheirenemies.Natureamplyrewardssuccessfuldeceiversbyallowingthemtosurvivelongenoughtomateandreproduce.Soitmaycomeasnosurprisetolearnthathumanbeings--who,accordingtopsychologistGeraldJellisonoftheUniversityofSouthCalifornia,areliedtoabout200timesaday,roughlyoneuntrutheveryfiveminutes--oftendeceiveforexactlythesamereasons:
tosavetheirownskinsortogetsomethingtheycan'tgetbyothermeans.
Butknowinghowtocatchdeceitcanbejustasimportantasurvivalskillasknowinghowtotellalieandgetawaywithit.Apersonabletospotfalsehoodquicklyisunlikelytobeswindledbyanunscrupulousbusinessassociateorhoodwinkedbyadeviousspouse.Luckily,natureprovidesmorethanenoughcluestotrapdissemblersintheirowntangledwebs--ifyouknowwheretolook.Bycloselyobservingfacialexpressions,bodylanguageandtoneofvoice,practicallyanyonecanrecognizethetelltalesignsoflying.Researchersareevenprogrammingcomputers--likethoseusedonLieDetector--togetatthetruthbyanalyzingthesamephysicalcuesavailabletothenakedeyeandear."Withthepropertraining,many
peoplecanlearntoreliablydetectlies,"saysPaulEkman,professorofpsychologyattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco,whohasspentthepast15yearsstudyingthesecretartofdeception.
Inordertoknowwhatkindofliesworkbest,successfulliarsneedtoaccuratelyassessotherpeople'semotionalstates.Ekman'sresearchshowsthatthissameemotionalintelligenceisessentialforgoodliedetectors,too.Theemotionalstatetowatchoutforisstress,theconflictmostliarsfeelbetweenthetruthandwhattheyactuallysayanddo.
Evenhigh-techliedetectorsdon'tdetectliesassuch;theymerelydetectthephysicalcuesofemotions,whichmayormaynotcorrespondtowhatthepersonbeingtestedissaying.Polygraphs,forinstance,measurerespiration,heartrateandskinconductivity,whichtendtoincreasewhenpeoplearenervous--astheyusuallyarewhenlying.Nervouspeopletypicallyperspire,andthesaltscontainedinperspirationconductelectricity.That'swhyasuddenleapinskinconductivityindicatesnervousness--aboutgettingcaught,perhaps?
--whichmight,inturn,suggestthatsomeoneisbeingeconomicalwiththetruth.Ontheotherhand,itmightalsomeanthatthelightsinthetelevisionstudioaretoohot--whichisonereasonpolygraphtestsareinadmissibleincourt."Goodliedetectorsdon'trelyonasinglesign,"Ekmansays,"butinterpretclustersofverbalandnonverbalcluesthatsuggestsomeonemightbelying."
Thosecluesarewrittenallovertheface.Becausethemusculatureofthefaceisdirectlyconnectedtotheareasofthebrainthatprocessemotion,thecountenancecanbeawindowtothesoul.Neurologicalstudiesevensuggestthatgenuineemotionstraveldifferentpathwaysthroughthebrainthaninsincereones.Ifapatientparalyzedbystrokeononesideoftheface,forexample,isaskedtosmiledeliberately,onlythemobilesideofthemouthisraised.Buttellthatsamepersonafunnyjoke,andthepatientbreaksintoafullandspontaneoussmile.Veryfewpeople--mostnotably,actorsandpoliticians--areabletoconsciouslycontrolalloftheirfacialexpressions.Liescanoftenbecaughtwhentheliar'struefeelingsbrieflyleakthroughthemaskofdeception."Wedon'tthinkbeforewefeel,"Ekmansays."Expressionstendtoshowuponthefacebeforewe'reevenconsciousofexperiencinganemotion."
Oneofthemostdifficultfacialexpressionstofake--orconceal,ifitisgenuinelyfelt--issadness.Whensomeoneistrulysad,theforeheadwrinkleswithgriefandtheinnercornersoftheeyebrowsarepulledup.Fewerthan15%ofthepeopleEkmantestedwereabletoproducethiseyebrowmovementvoluntarily.Bycontrast,theloweringoftheeyebrowsassociatedwithanangryscowlcanbereplicatedatwillbyalmosteverybody."Ifsomeoneclaimstheyaresadandtheinnercornersoftheireyebrowsdon'tgoup,"Ekmansays,"thesadnessisprobablyfalse."
Thesmile,ontheotherhand,isoneoftheeasiestfacialexpressionstocounterfeit.Ittakesjusttwomuscles--thezygomaticusmajormusclesthatextendfromthecheekbonestothecornersofthelips--toproduceagrin.Butthere'sacatch.Agenuinesmileaffectsnotonlythecornersofthelipsbutalsotheorbicularisoculi,themusclearoundtheeyethatproducesthedistinctive"crow's-feet"associatedwithpeoplewholaughalot.Acounterfeitgrincanbeunmaskedifthelipcornersgoup,theeyescrinklebuttheinnercornersoftheeyebrowsarenotlowered,amovementcontrolledbytheorbicularisoculithatisdifficulttofake.Theabsenceofloweredeyebrowsisonereasonwhyfalsesmileslooksostrainedandstiff.
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