托福阅读模拟试题及答案卷二十一.docx
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托福阅读模拟试题及答案卷二十一.docx
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托福阅读模拟试题及答案卷二十一
2021年托福阅读模拟试题及答案(卷二十一)
Bloodhoundsarebiologicallyadaptedtotrailingtheirprey.Theprocessbywhich
thenoserecognizesanodorisnotfullyunderstood,butthereareapparentlyspecific
receptorsitesforspecificodors.Inoneexplanation,recognitionoccurswhenascent
moleculefitsintoitscorrespondingreceptorsite,likeakeyintoalock,causinga
(Line5)mechanicalorchemicalchangeinthecell.Bloodhoundsapparentlyhavedenser
concentrationsofreceptorsitestunedtohumanscents.
Whenabloodhoundtrailsahumanbeing,whatdoesitactuallysmell?
Thehuman
body,whichconsistsofabout60trillionlivingcells,shedsexposedskinatarateof50
millioncellsaday.Soevenatrailthathasbeendispersedbybreezesmaystillseem
(Line10)richtoabloodhound.Thebodyalsoproducesabout31to50ouncesofsweataday.
Neitherthisfluidnortheshedskincellshavemuchodorbythemselves,butthe
bacteriaworkingonbothsubstancesisanothermatter.Onemicrobiologistestimates
theresidentbacteriapopulationofacleansquarecentimeterofskinonthehuman
shoulderat"multiplesofamillion."Astheygoabouttheirdailybusinessbreaking
(Line15)downlipids,orfattysubstances,ontheskin,thesebacteriareleasevolatile
substancesthatusuallystrikethebloodhound'snoseasanentireconstellationof
distinctivescents.
45.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?
(A)Whypeoplechoosebloodhoundsfor
householdpets
(B)Howabloodhound'ssenseofsmellworks
(C)Howhumanscompensateforan
underdevelopedsenseofsmell
(D)Thewayinwhichbacteriaworkonskincells
andbodysweat
46.Theauthorcomparesascentmoleculewitha
(A)key
(B)lock
(C)cell
(D)bloodhound
47.Inline7,theword"it"refersto
(A)bloodhound
(B)humanbeing
(C)smell
(D)body
48.Accordingtothepassage,howmanycellsof
skindoesthehumanbodyriditselfofeveryday?
(A)60trillion
(B)50million
(C)1million
(D)Between31and50
49.Inline10,theword"rich"isusedtomeanthata
trailis
(A)pavedwithpreciousmaterials
(B)aprofitablebusinesstogetinto
(C)averycostlyundertaking
(D)filledwithanabundanceofclues
50.Whichofthefollowingactsasastimulusinthe
productionofthehumanscent?
(A)Sweat
(B)Deadskincells
(C)Bacteria
(D)Fattysubstances
参考答案:
BAABDC
Passage1
Seventeenth-centuryhousesincolonialNorthAmericaweresimplestructuresthat
wereprimarilyfunctional,carryingovertraditionaldesignsthatwentbacktothe
MiddleAges.Duringthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcentury,however,housesbeganto
Lineshowanewelegance.Aswealthincreased,moreandmorecolonistsbuiltfinehouses.
(5)Sincearchitecturewasnotyetaspecializedprofessioninthecolonies,thedesignof
buildingswaslefteithertoamateurdesignersortocarpenterswhoundertookto
interpretarchitecturalmanualsimportedfromEngland.Inventoriesofcoloniallibraries
showanastonishingnumberofthesehandbooksforbuilders,andthehouseserected
duringtheeighteenthcenturyshowtheirinfluence.Nevertheless,mostdomestic
(10)architectureofthefirstthree-quartersoftheeighteenthcenturydisplaysawide
divergenceoftasteandfreedomofapplicationoftheruleslaiddowninthesebooks.
Increasingwealthandgrowingsophisticationthroughoutthecoloniesresultedin
housesofimproveddesign.whetherthematerialwaswood,stone,orbrick.New
Englandstillfavoredwood,thoughbrickhousesbecamecommoninBostonandother
(15)towns,wherethedangeroffiregaveanimpetustotheuseofmoredurablematerial.A
fewhousesinNewEnglandwerebuiltofstone,butonlyinPennsylvaniaandadjacent
areaswasstonewidelyusedindwellings.Anincreaseduseofbrickinhousesand
outbuildingsisnoticeableinVirginiaandMaryland,butwoodremainedthemost
popularmaterialeveninhousesbuiltbywealthylandowners.IntheCarolinas,evenin
(20)closelypackedCharleston.Woodenhousesweremuchmorecommonthanbrick
houses.
Eighteenth-centuryhousesshowedgreatinteriorimprovementsovertheir
predecessors.Windowsweremadelargerandshuttersremoved.Large,clearpanes
replacedthesmallleadedglassoftheseventeenthcentury.Doorwayswerelargerand
(25)moredecorative.Fireplacesbecamedecorativefeaturesofrooms.Wallsweremadeof
plasterorwood,sometimeselaboratelypaneled.Whitepaintbegantotaketheplaceof
blues,yellows,greens.andleadcolors,whichhadbeenpopularforwallsintheearlier
years.Afterabout1730,advertisementsforwallpaperstylesinscenicpatternsbeganto
appearincolonialnewspapers.
32.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?
(A)Theimproveddesignofeighteenth-centurycolonialhouses
(B)Acomparisonofeighteenth-centuryhousesandmodernhouses
(C)Thedecorationsusedineighteenth-centuryhouses
(D)Theroleofcarpentersinbuildingeighteenth-centuryhouses
33.Whatwasoneofthemainreasonsforthechangeinarchitecturalstyleineighteenth-centuryNorthAmerica?
(A)Morearchitectsarrivedinthecolonies.
(B)Thecolonistsdevelopedaninterestinclassicalarchitecture.
(C)Bricksweremorereadilyavailable.
(D)Thecolonistshadmoremoneytospendonhousing.
34.Accordingtothepassage,whowasresponsiblefordesigninghousesineighteenth-centuryNorthAmerica?
(A)Professionalarchitects
(B)Customers
(C)Interiordecorators
(D)Carpenters
35.Thepassageimpliesthattherulesoutlinedinarchitecturalmanualswere
(A)generallyignored
(B)legallybinding
(C)notstrictlyadheredto
(D)onlyfollowedbyolderbuilders
36.Theword"divergence"inline11isclosestinmeaningto
(A)description
(B)development
(C)difference
(D)display
37.Theword"durable"inline15isclosestinmeaningto
(A)attractive
(B)expensive
(C)refined
(D)long-lasting
38.Wherewasstonecommonlyusedtobuildhouses?
(A)Virginia
(B)Pennsylvania
(C)Boston
(D)Charleston
39.Theword"dwelling"inline17isclosestinmeaningto
(A)houses
(B)towns
(C)outbuildings
(D)ruralareas
40.Theword"predecessors"inline23refersto
(A)colonistswhoarrivedinNorthAmericaintheseventeenthcentury
(B)housesconstructedbeforetheeighteenthcentury
(C)interiorimprovements
(D)woodenhousesinCharleston
41.Theauthormentionselaboratelypaneledwallsinline26asanexampleof
(A)howtheinteriordesignofcolonialhouseswasimproved
(B)whywallsweremadeofwoodorplaster
(C)howwallsweremadestrongerintheeighteenthcentury
(D)whatkindofwoodwasusedforwallsafter1730
42.Theword"elaborately"inline26isclosestinmeaningto
(A)doneingreatdetail
(B)puttogethercarefully
(C)usingmanycolors
(D)reinforcedstructurally
43.Whatdoestheauthorimplyabouttheuseofwallpaperbefore1730?
(A)Wallpapersamplesappearedinthearchitecturalmanuals.
(B)Wallpaperwasthesamecolorasthewallpaintsused.
(C)Patternedwallpaperwasnotwidelyused.
(D)Wallpaperwasnotusedinstonehouses.
44.Whereinthepassagedoestheauthorgiveareasonwhybrickwasthepreferredmaterialforhousesinsomeurbanareas?
(A)Lines9-11
(B)Lines13-15
(C)Lines17-19
(D)Lines23-24
参考答案:
ADDCCDBABAACB
HormonesintheBody
Uptothebeginningofthetwentiethcentury,thenervoussystemwasthoughttocontrolallcommunicationwithinthebodyandtheresultingintegrationofbehavior.Scientistshaddeterminedthatnervesran,essentially,onelectricalimpulses.Theseimpulseswerethoughttobetheengineforthought,emotion,movement,andinternalprocessessuchasdigestion.However,experimentsbyWilliamBaylissandErnestStarlingonthechemicalsecretin,whichisproducedinthesmallintestinewhenfoodentersthestomach,eventuallychallengedthatview.Fromthesmallintestine,secretintravelsthroughthebloodstreamtothepancreas.There,itstimulatesthereleaseofdigestivechemicals.Inthisfashion,theintestinalcellsthatproducesecretinultimatelyregulatetheproductionofdifferentchemicalsinadifferentorgan,thepancreas.
Suchacoordinationofprocesseshadbeenthoughttorequirecontrolbythenervoussystem;BaylissandStarlingshowedthatitcouldoccurthroughchemicalsalone.ThisdiscoveryspurredStarlingtocointhetermhormonetorefertosecretin,takingitfromtheGreekwordhormon,meaning“toexcite”or“tosetinmotion.”Ahormoneisachemicalproducedbyonetissuetomakethingshappenelsewhere.
Asmorehormoneswerediscovered,theywerecategorized,primarilyaccordingtotheprocessbywhichtheyoperatedonthebody.Someglands(whichmakeuptheendocrinesystem)secretehormonesdirectlyintothebloodstream.Suchglandsincludethethyroidandthepituitary.Theexocrinesystemconsistsoforgansandglandsthatproducesubstancesthatareusedoutsidethebloodstream,primarilyfordigestion.Thepancreasisonesuchorgan,althoughitsecretessomechemicalsintothebloodandthusisalsopartoftheendocrinesystem.
Muchhasbeenlearnedabouthormonessincetheirdiscovery.Someplaysuchkeyrolesinregulatingbodilyprocessesorbehaviorthattheirabsencewouldcauseimmediatedeath.Themostabundanthormoneshaveeffectsthatarelessobviouslyurgentbutcanbemorefar-reachinganddifficulttotrack:
Theymodifymoodsandaffecthumanbehavior,evensomebehaviorwenormallythinkofasvoluntary.Hormonalsy
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