惠特曼的草叶集简介(英文).ppt
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惠特曼的草叶集简介(英文).ppt
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LeavesofGrassOnJuly4,2005,wecelebratedthe150thanniversaryofwhatispossiblythegreatestbookofAmericanpoetryeverwritten.in1855,WaltWhitmanpublishedhisfirsteditionofLeavesofGrass,aslimvolumeconsistingoftwelveuntitledpoemsandapreface.Well-knownpoemsinthe1855editionincludeSongofMyself,alongpoeminfifty-twosections,whichisconsideredbymanytobehismasterpiece.ItcontainssuchnotablelinesasIamlarge,IcontainmultitudesandIbequeathmyselftothedirttogrowfromthegrassIlove,/Ifyouwantmeagainlookformeunderyourboot-soles.LeavesofGrassUponpublication,hesentacopytoRalphWaldoEmerson.TheletterfromEmersonincludedthenowfamousline:
Igreetyouatthebeginningofagreatcareer.“LeavesofGrassgrewthroughitsfivesubsequentversionsineighteditionsintoaheftybookof389poems,infourteensprawlingsections:
Eachsectionisself-contained,asifitwereabookinitself.LeavesofGrassThecriticalandpopularresponsetoLeavesofGrasswasmixedandbewildered.Themajorityofthereaderswhohappenedtohavecomeuponthebookseemtohavebeensimplyindifferent.LeavesofGrassLeavesofGrassAfewweeksafterthebookspublication,EmersonacknowledgedthegiftinaletterinwhichdeclaredthathefoundincomparablethingssaidincomparablywellinLeavesofGrass.ThepraisefromtheauthorofSelf-RelianceandThePoetwasenoughtooutweightheindifferenceorhostilityofallotherreadersandtostartWhitmanonhisplansforthe1856edition.ReactionstoWhitmanhavebeenatbothextremes:
hisbookhasbeenbannedforsensualityonedecade,andthenpraisedasthecornerstoneofAmericanpoeticsthenext.Withtheupcoming150thanniversary,AmericaspoetsandcriticshavefoundunmediatedloveforourmostAmericanpoet,themanwhocametoshapetheirideasofnationhood,democracy,andfreedom.Itisunlikelytobecomeaburiedmasterpieceagain.LeavesofGrassWhitmansgreatsubjectwasAmerica,buthewroteonanexpansivevarietyofsmallersubjectstoaccomplishthetaskofcapturingtheessenceofthiscountry.Someofhismanysubjectsincludedslavery,democracy,thevariousoccupationsandtypesofwork,theAmericanlandscape,thesea,thenaturalworld,theCivilWar,education,aging,deathandimmortality,poverty,romanticlove,spirituality,andsocialchange.LeavesofGrass:
SubjectsandStyleWhitmanspoetryisdemocraticinbothitssubjectmatteranditslanguage.WeseeWhitmanbreakingnewgroundinbothsubjectmatteranddiction.Subjects:
thenewAmerica;himselfThestatedmissionofhispoetrywas,inhiswords,tomakeanattempttoputaPerson,ahumanbeing(myself,inthelatterhalfofthe19thcentury,inAmerica)freely,fully,andtrulyonrecord.LeavesofGrass:
SubjectsandStyleWhitmansgreatestlegacyishisinventionofatrulyAmericanfreeverse.Althoughwritteninfreeverse,meaningthatitisnotstrictlymeteredorrhymed,sectionsofLeavesofGrassapproachiambicmeter.LeavesofGrass:
SubjectsandStyleRhyme:
therepetitionofsimilarsounds.Inpoetry,themostcommonkindofrhymeisendrhyme,whichoccursattheendoftwoormroelines.Internalrhymeoccursinthemiddleofaline,asintheselinesfromColeridge,Inmistorcloud,onmastorshroudorWhilesallthenightthroughfog-smokewhite(TheAncientMariner).Therearemanykindsofendrhyme:
LeavesofGrass:
SubjectsandStyleTruerhymeiswhatmostpeoplethinkofasrhyme;thesoundsarenearlyidentical-notion,motion,potion,forexample.Weakrhyme,referstowordswithsimilarbutnotidenticalsounds,e.g.,notion-nation,bear-bore,ear-are.EmilyDickinsonfrequentlyusespartialrhymes.Eyerhymeoccurswhenwordslookalikebutdontsoundalike-e.g.,bear-ear.LeavesofGrass:
SubjectsandStyleMeter:
arhythmofaccentedandunaccentedsyllableswhichareorganizedintorepeatedpatterns,calledfeet.Iambic:
afootconsistingofanunaccentedandaccentedsyllable.Shakespeareoftenusesiambic,forexamplethebeginningofHamletsspeech,Tobeornottobe.Comelivewithmeandbemylove.LeavesofGrass:
SubjectsandStyleTrochaic:
afootconsistingofanaccentedandunaccentedsyllable.LongfellowsHiawathausesthismeter,whichcanquicklybecomesingsong(theaccentedsyllableisitalicized):
BytheshoresofGitcheGumeeBytheshiningBig-Sea-water.ThethreewitchesspeechinMacbethusesit:
Double,double,toilandtrouble.LeavesofGrass:
SubjectsandStyleImageryImageryisanyliteraryreferencetothefiveisanyliteraryreferencetothefivesenses(sight,touch,smell,hearing,andtaste).senses(sight,touch,smell,hearing,andtaste).Essentially,imageryisagroupofwordsthatEssentially,imageryisagroupofwordsthatcreateamentalimage.Suchimagescanbecreateamentalimage.Suchimagescanbecreatedbyusingcreatedbyusingfiguresofspeechfiguresofspeechsuchassuchassimilessimiles,metaphorsmetaphors,personificationpersonification.Imageryisa
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