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专题三　推理判断

【考纲解读】

考频统计

　　卷名

年份　　

课标全国Ⅰ

课标全国Ⅱ

课标全国Ⅲ

2017

5

7

5

2016

5

5

3

2015

5

4

—

2014

6

3

—

2013

6

4

—

考点内容

考纲要求考生根据文章所提供的事实及自己的一些常识进行合理推断,判断作者的意图,人物的动机、目的及性格特征,事件发生的前因后果等。

分析解读

推理判断题考查考生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思以及对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作出正确推理判断的能力。

要求考生在阅读过程中贯通表面和内涵的意思,并把已知和未知的信息联系起来,以文章所提供的事实为依据,经过分析思考而形成一定的观点。

考生需尽量考虑文中的全部信息和事实,在通盘理解文章的基础上去领会作者的言外之意,并作出正确的推断,这是对文章深层次的把握,属于高层次的阅读理解题。

【命题探究】

（2017课标全国Ⅱ,B）

　　IfirstmetPaulNewmanin1968,whenGeorgeRoyHill,thedirectorofButchCassidyandtheSundanceKid,introducedusinNewYorkCity.Whenthestudiodidnwantmeforthefilm—itwantedsomebodyaswellknownasPaul—hestoodupforme.Idonknowhowmanypeoplewouldhavedonethat;theywouldhavelistenedtotheiragentsorthestudiopowers.

ThefriendshipthatgrewoutoftheexperienceofmakingthatfilmandTheStingfouryearslaterhaditsrootinthefactthatalthoughtherewasanagedifference,webothcamefromatraditionoftheaterandliveTV.①Wewererespectfulofcraft（技艺）andfocusedondiggingintothecharactersweweregoingtoplay.BothofushadthequalitiesandvirtuesthataretypicalofAmericanactors:

humorous,aggressive,andmakingfunofeachother—butalwayswithanunderlyingaffection.Thosewerealsoatthecore（核心）ofourrelationshipoffthescreen.

Wesharedthebeliefthatifyoufortunateenoughtohavesuccess,youshouldputsomethingback—hewithhisNewmanOwnfoodandhisHoleintheWallcampsforkidswhoareseriouslyill,andmewithSundanceandtheinstituteandthefestival.②PaulandIdidnseeeachotherallthatregularly,butsharingthatbroughtustogether.Wesupportedeachotherfinanciallyandbyshowingupatevents.

Ilastsawhimafewmonthsago.Hebeeninandoutofthehospital.HeandIbothknewwhatthedealwas,andwedidntalkaboutit.Ourswasarelationshipthatdidnneedalotofwords.

命题方法

　　推理判断题是针对文中相关语句提出问题,通过解读其隐含意义而设置的题目。

推理判断题主要考查推断隐含意义、观点态度、写作目的、文章出处、下文内容等。

精准审题

　　根据第4题题干中的What和theauthorpurposeinwritingthetext可判断该题考查考生对作者写作目的的推断能力。

解题步骤

1.找线索

根据上下文找出与推理判断题有关的线索,本篇中最后一段中的“Hebeeninandoutofthehospital.HeandIbothknewwhatthedealwas,...”为解答本题的关键线索。

1.Whywasthestudiounwillingtogivetheroletotheauthoratfirst?

A.PaulNewmanwantedit.

B.Thestudiopowersdidnlikehisagent.

C.Hewasnfamousenough.

D.Thedirectorrecommendedsomeoneelse.

2.WhydidPaulandtheauthorhavealastingfriendship?

A.Theywereofthesameage.

B.Theyworkedinthesametheater.

C.Theywerebothgoodactors.

D.Theyhadsimilarcharacteristics.

3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph3referto?

A.Theirbelief.

B.Theircareforchildren.

C.Theirsuccess.

D.Theirsupportforeachother.

4.Whatistheauthorpurposeinwritingthetext?

A.Toshowhisloveoffilms.

B.Torememberafriend.

C.Tointroduceanewmovie.

D.Tosharehisactingexperience.

2.巧推断

根据线索可推出Paul已经去世,再根据上文的介绍可推出作者写此文章的目的是怀念自己的一位朋友。

高效解题

文章开头作者介绍了自己与著名演员Paul相识的情景,后面描述了两人的交往和深厚友谊。

最后一段指出两人上次见面是在医院且Paul入院、出院已很多次了,他们都知道那意味着什么。

由此可推断作者写此文时Paul已经去世,再根据文章开头“IfirstmetPaulNewmanin1968”可推断作者写这篇文章就是为了纪念自己的一位朋友。

所以答案为B项。

【答案】

1.C　2.D　3.A　4.B

【注释】

①ThefriendshipthatgrewoutoftheexperienceofmakingthatfilmandTheStingfouryearslaterhaditsrootinthefactthatalthoughtherewasanagedifference,webothcamefromatraditionoftheaterandliveTV.拍那部电影和四年后拍TheSting的经历所建立起来的友谊源于一个事实:

尽管我们存在年龄差距,但我们都来自戏剧和直播电视的传统。

本句的主干是Thefriendshiphaditsroot。

其中,thatgrewoutof...later为that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词friendship;后面的thatalthoughtherewas...liveTV为that引导的同位语从句,解释说明fact的内容。

此外,同位语从句中还包含了一个although引导的让步状语从句。

②Wesharedthebeliefthatifyoufortunateenoughtohavesuccess,youshouldputsomethingback—hewithhisNewmanOwnfoodandhisHoleintheWallcampsforkidswhoareseriouslyill,andmewithSundanceandtheinstituteandthefestival.我们都有着这样的信念——如果你足够幸运获得成功,你就应该有所回报——他回报的是NewmanOwn食品和为病重的孩子创办的HoleintheWall营地,而我回报的是圣丹斯协会和电影节。

本句的主干是Wesharedthebelief,后面that引导同位语从句,解释说明belief的内容;同位语从句中包含了一个if引导的条件状语从句;破折号后出现了一个who引导的定语从句,修饰先行词kids。

【五年高考】

Passage1（2017课标全国Ⅰ,B）词数:

290

IworkwithVolunteersforWildlife,arescueandeducationorganizationatBaileyArboretuminLocustValley.Tryingtohelpinjured,displacedorsickcreaturescanbeheartbreaking;survivalisnevercertain.However,whenitworks,itissimplybeautiful.

IgotarescuecallfromawomaninMuttontown.Shehadfoundayoungowl（猫头鹰）ontheground.WhenIarrived,Isawa2-to3-week-oldowl.Ithadalreadybeenplacedinacarrierforsafety.

Iexaminedthechick（雏鸟）anditseemedfine.IfIcouldlocatethenest,Imighthavebeenabletoputitback,butnoluck.Mynextworkwastoconstructanestandanchoritinatree.

Thehomeownerwasveryhelpful.Awirebasketwasfound.Iputsomepinebranchesintothebaskettomakethisnestsafeandcomfortable.Iplacedthechickinthenest,anditquicklycalmeddown.

Nowallthatwasneededweretheparents,buttheywereabsent.Igavethehomeownerarecordingofthehungerscreamsofowlchicks.Theseadvertisethepresenceofchickstoadults;theymightalsoencourageourchicktostartcallingaswell.Igavetheownerasmuchinformationaspossibleandheadedhometoseewhatnewsthenightmightbring.

Anervousnighttobesure,butsometimesthespiritsofnaturesmileonusall!

Thehomeownercalledtosaythattheparentshadrespondedtotherecordings.Idroveoverandsawthechickinthenestlookinghealthyandactive.Anditwasaccompaniedinthenestbythegreatestsightofall—LUNCH!

Theparentshaddonetheirdutyandwouldprobablycontinuetodoso.

1.Whatisunavoidableintheauthorrescueworkaccordingtoparagraph1?

A.Effortsmadeinvain.

B.Gettinginjuredinhiswork.

C.Feelinguncertainabouthisfuture.

D.Creaturesforcedoutoftheirhomes.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

2.WhywastheauthorcalledtoMuttontown?

A.Torescueawoman.

B.Totakecareofawoman.

C.Tolookatababyowl.

D.Tocureayoungowl.

3.Whatmadethechickcalmdown?

A.Anewnest.B.Somefood.

C.Arecording.D.Itsparents.

4.Howwouldtheauthorfeelabouttheoutcomeoftheevent?

A.Itunexpected.B.Itbeautiful.

C.Ithumorous.D.Itdiscouraging.

答案

1.A　

2.C　

3.A　

4.B　

Passage2（2017课标全国Ⅱ,D）词数:

288

Whenaleafyplantisunderattack,itdoesnsitquietly.Backin1983,twoscientists,JackSchultzandIanBaldwin,reportedthatyoungmapletreesgettingbittenbyinsectssendoutaparticularsmellthatneighboringplantscanget.Thesechemicalscomefromtheinjuredpartsoftheplantandseemtobeanalarm.Whattheplantspumpthroughtheairisamixtureofchemicalsknownasvolatileorganiccompounds,VOCsforshort.

ScientistshavefoundthatallkindsofplantsgiveoutVOCswhenbeingattacked.Itaplantwayofcryingout.Butisanyonelistening?

Apparently.Becausewecanwatchtheneighborsreact.

Someplantspumpoutsmellychemicalstokeepinsectsaway.Butothersdodoubleduty.Theypumpoutperfumesdesignedtoattractdifferentinsectswhoarenaturalenemiestotheattackers.Oncetheyarrive,thetablesareturned.Theattackerwhowaslunchingnowbecomeslunch. 

Instudyafterstudy,itappearsthatthesechemicalconversationshelptheneighbors.Thedamageisusuallymoreseriousonthefirstplant,buttheneighbors,relativelyspeaking,staysaferbecausetheyheardthealarmandknewwhattodo.

Doesthismeanthatplantstalktoeachother?

Scientistsdonknow.Maybethefirstplantjustmadeacryofpainorwassendingamessagetoitsownbranches,andso,ineffect,wastalkingtoitself.Perhapstheneighborsjusthappenedto“overhear”thecry.Soinformationwasexchanged,butitwasnatrue,intentionalbackandforth.

CharlesDarwin,over150yearsago,imaginedaworldfarbusier,noisierandmoreintimate（亲密的）thantheworldwecanseeandhear.Oursensesareweak.Thereawholelotgoingon.

1.Whatdoesaplantdowhenitisunderattack?

A.Itmakesnoises.

B.Itgetshelpfromotherplants.

C.Itstandsquietly.

D.Itsendsoutcertainchemicals.

2.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“thetablesareturned”inparagraph3?

A.Theattackersgetattacked.

B.Theinsectsgatherunderthetable.

C.Theplantsgetreadytofightback.

D.Theperfumesattractnaturalenemies.

3.Scientistsfindfromtheirstudiesthatplantscan　　　. 

A.predictnaturaldisasters

B.protectthemselvesagainstinsects

C.talktooneanotherintentionally

D.helptheirneighborswhennecessary

4.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?

A.Theworldischangingfasterthanever.

B.Peoplehavestrongersensesthanbefore.

C.Theworldismorecomplexthanitseems.

D.PeopleinDarwintimeweremoreimaginative.

答案

1.D　

2.A　

3.B　

4.C　

Passage3（2017课标全国Ⅲ,B）词数:

274

MinutesafterthelastmovieendedyesterdayatthePlazaTheater,employeeswerebusysweepinguppopcornsandgatheringcokecups.Itwasascenethathadbeenrepeatedmanytimesinthetheater75-yearhistory.Thistime,however,thecleanupwasalittledifferent.Asonegroupofworkerscarriedouttherubbish,anothergroupbeganremovingseatsandothertheaterequipmentinpreparationforthebuildingend.

ThefilmclassicTheLastPictureShowwasthelastmovieshownintheoldtheater.Thoughthemovieis30yearsold,mostofthe250seatswerefilledwithteary-eyedaudiencewantingtosaygood-byetotheoldbuilding.TheaterownerEdBradfordsaidhechosethemoviebecauseitseemedappropriate.Themovieissetinasmalltownwheretheonlymovietheaterispreparingtoclosedown.

BradfordsaidthatlargemoderntheatersinthecitymadeitimpossibleforthePlazatocompete.Headdedthatthetheaterlocation（位置）wasalsoareason.“Thisusedtobethecenteroftown,”hesaid.“Nowtheareaismostlyofficebuildingsandwarehouses.”

Lastweeksomecityofficialssuggestedthecitymightbeinterestedinturningtheoldtheaterintoamuseumandpublicmeetingp

lace.However,theseplanswereabandonedbecauseoffinancialproblems.Bradfordsoldthebuildingandlandtoalocaldevelopmentfirm,whichplanstobuildashoppingcomplexonthelandwherethetheaterislocated.

Thetheateraudiencesaidgood-byeasBradfordlockedthedoorsforthelasttime.After75yearsthePlazaTheaterhadshownitslastmovie.Thetheaterwillbemissed.

1.InwhatwaywasyesterdaycleanupatthePlazaspecial?

A.Itmaderoomfornewequipment.

B.Itsignaledtheclosedownofthetheater.

C.Itwasdonewiththehelpoftheaudience.

D.Itmarkedthe75thanniversaryofthetheater.

2.WhywasTheLastPictureShowputon?

A.Itwasanall-timeclassic.

B.Itwasaboutthehistoryofthetown.

C.Theaudiencerequestedit.

D.Thetheaterownerfounditsuitable.

3.Whatwillprobablyhappentothebuilding?

A.Itwillberepaired.

B.Itwillbeturnedintoamuseum.

C.Itwillbeknockeddown.

D.Itwillbesoldtothecitygovernment.

4.Whatcanweinferabouttheaudience?

A.TheyaredisappointedwithBradford.

B.Theyaresadtopartwiththeoldtheater.

C.Theyaresupportiveofthecityofficials.

D.Theyareeagertohaveashoppingcenter.

答案

1.B　

2.D　

3.C　

4.B　

Passage4（2017浙江,B）词数:

304

GettinglesssleephasbecomeabadhabitformostAmericankids.Accordingtoanewsurvey（调查）bytheNationalSleepFo