《财政学》罗森英文版课后习题答案上.docx
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《财政学》罗森英文版课后习题答案上.docx
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《财政学》罗森英文版课后习题答案上
《财政学》罗森英文版课后习题答案上
Part1-GettingStarted
Instructor’sManualtoaccompany
PublicFinance,TenthEdition,byHarveyS.RosenandTedGayer
Chapter1–Introduction
BriefOutline
1.PublicFinanceandIdeology
a.TheOrganicViewofGovernment
b.TheMechanisticViewofGovernment
c.TheViewpointofThisBook
2.GovernmentataGlance
a.LegalFramework
i.FederalGovernment
ii.StateandLocalGovernments
b.SizeofGovernment
c.Expenditures
d.Revenues
e.OurAgenda
SuggestedAnswerstoEnd-of-ChapterDiscussionQuestions
1.
a.McCain’sstatementisconsistentwithanorganicconceptionofgovernment.
Individualsandtheirgoalsarelessimportantthanthestate.
b.Lockemakesaclearstatementofthemechanisticviewofthestateinwhich
individuallibertyisofparamountimportance.
c.Chavez’sstatementisconsistentwithanorganicviewofgovernment.The
individualhassignificanceonlyaspartofsocietyasawhole.2.Libertariansbelieveinaverylimitedgovernmentandareskepticalabouttheabilityof
governmenttoimprovesocialwelfare.Socialdemocratsbelievethatsubstantial
governmentinterventionisrequiredforthegoodofindividuals.Someonewithan
organicconceptionofthestatebelievesthatthegoalsofsocietyaresetbythestateand
individualsarevaluedonlybytheircontributiontotherealizationofsocialgoals.
a.Alawprohibitingreceivingcompensationfororgandonationwouldbeopposed
bylibertarians,astheywouldwantthemarkettodecidewhobuysandwhosells
organsandatwhatpricetheorganswouldbesold.Socialdemocratsalsomight
opposethelawiftheyconsiderthatsuchalawwouldpreventorgandonation
fromhappeningasfrequently.However,theyarelikelytosupportthelawonthe
groundsthatpayingfororgandonationwouldcoercefinanciallydesperatepeople
toselltheirorgans.Thelawwouldprotecttheindividualfrommakingapoor
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Chapter2-ToolsofPositiveAnalysis
decision.Theorganicviewmightalsoopposethelawbecausethesocietymight
becomehealthierifmoreindividualsreceivedtransplants,althoughtheywould
believethatindividualsshoulddonateforthegoodofsociety,ratherthanfor
compensation.
b.Libertariansopposethelawmandatinghelmetuseformotorcyclists,arguingthat
individualscanbestdecidewhetherornottousehelmetswithoutgovernment
coercion.Socialdemocratstakethepositionthatthemandatesaveslivesand
ultimatelybenefitsindividuals.Theorganicviewwouldprobablyleadto
favoringthemandateonthegroundsthatreducedhealthcarecostscausedby
fewerinjuriesbenefitsociety.
c.Libertariansopposethelawmandatingchildsafetyseats,arguingthatindividuals
canbestdecidewhetherornottousechildsafetyseatswithoutgovernment
coercion.Socialdemocratstakethepositionthatthemandatesaveslivesand
ultimatelybenefitsindividuals.Theorganicviewwouldprobablyleadto
favoringthemandateonthegroundsthatreducedhealthcarecostscausedby
feweraccidentsbenefitsociety.
d.Libertarianswouldprobablyopposealawprohibitingprostitution,whilesocial
democratswouldlikelyfavorsuchalaw.Theorganicviewdependsonthetype
ofsocietypolicymakersareattemptingtoachieve.Thelawwouldprobablybe
favoredonmoralgrounds.
e.Libertarianswouldprobablyopposealawprohibitingpolygamy,whilesocial
democratswouldlikelyfavorsuchalaw.Theorganicviewdependsonthetype
ofsocietypolicymakersareattemptingtoachieve.Thelawwouldprobablybe
favoredonmoralgrounds.
f.Libertarianswouldlikelyopposethebanontransfatsinrestaurants,believing
thatconsumerswilldemandrestaurantsremovetransfatsiftheybelievethatis
important.Socialdemocratswouldprobablysupportthebanbecauseconsumers
mightnotunderstandhowbadtransfatsarefortheirhealth.Thosewithan
organicviewwouldprobablyfavorthebanbecausethescientificliterature
suggeststhatpeoplewhoavoidtransfatsarehealthier,thereforethebanwould
reducehealthcarecosts.
3.Themechanisticviewofgovernmentsaysthatthegovernmentisacontrivancecreatedbyindividualstobetterachievetheirindividualgoals.Withinthemechanistictradition,peoplecoulddisagreeonthetaxonsaturatedfatstoreduceobesity.Libertarianswouldsaythatpeoplecandecidewhatisbestforthemselves-whethertoconsumesaturatedfats-anddonotneedproddingfromthegovernment.Incontrast,socialdemocratsmightarguethatpeoplearetooshortsightedtoknowwhatisgoodforthem,sothatgovernment-providedinducementsareappropriate.
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Part1-GettingStarted
4.
a.Ifthesizeofgovernmentismeasuredbydirectexpenditures,themandatedoes
notdirectlyincreaseit.Costsofcompliance,however,maybehighandwould
appearasanincreaseina―regulatorybudget.‖
b.Thisbanwouldnotincreasegovernmentexpenditures,butthehighcostsof
compliancewouldincreasetheregulatorybudget.
c.It’shardtosaywhetherthisrepresentsanincreaseordecreaseinthesizeof
government.OnepossibilityisthatGDPstayedthesame,andgovernment
purchasesofgoodsandservicesfell.Anotheristhatgovernmentpurchasesof
goodsandservicesgrew,butataslowerratethantheGDP.Onemustalso
considercoincidentfederalcreditandregulatoryactivitiesandstateandlocal
budgets.
d.Thefederalbudgetwoulddecreaseifgrants-in-aidwerereduced.However,if
stateandlocalgovernmentsoffsetthisbyincreasingtaxes,thesizeofthe
governmentsectorasawholewouldnotgodownasmuchasonewouldhave
guessed.
5.Theinflationerodestherealvalueofthedebtby0.036x?
904billionor?
32.54billion.Thefactthatinflationreducestherealdebtobligationmeansthatthisfigureshouldbeincludedasrevenuetothegovernment.
6.Ifyouconsiderthesizeofgovernmentastheextenttowhichsociety’sresourcesaresubjecttocontrolbythegovernment,thebothPolicy1andPolicy2wouldincreasethesizeofgovernmentbythesameamount.WhileitseemsPolicy1hasnoeffectofthesizeofthegovernmentbecauseitonlymandatesprivatespending,itcausesresourcestobeunderthecontrolofthegovernment.Policy2seemstoaffectthesizeofthegovernmentbecauseitchangesrevenuesandtransfers,butthecosttoeachhouseholdisthesameasinPolicy1,a$5000expenditureonhealthinsuranceorinadditionaltaxes.
7.RelativetoGDP,defensespendinggrewfrom5.0percentofGDPin1981to6.0percentofGDPin1985andthengrewfrom3.9percentofGDPin2007to4.7percentofGDPin20011.Theincreasefrom2007to2011wasproportionallylarger,butbothincreaseswerethesameintermsofthepercentagepointincrease.
8.
a.Fortheyears1997to2001,theabsolutechangeinfederalexpenditureswas
$261.7billion[$1862.8-$1,601.2billion],
thechangeinfederalexpendituresinrealterms(2001dollars)was$146.26
billion[inflationrate=(90.727-84.628)/84.628=7.21%,$1,862billion–
$1,601(1+0.0721)=$146.26billion],
thechangeinrealgovernmentexpenditurespercapitawas$241.26[real
governmentexpenditurespercapitain1997(2001dollars):
$1,601.1*(1+1.0721)/0.227912=$6,289.72;realgovernmentexpendituresper
2-1Copyright?
2014McGraw-HillEducation.Allrightsreserved.NoreproductionordistributionwithoutthepriorwrittenconsentofMcGraw-HillEducation.
Chapter2-ToolsofPositiveAnalysis
capitain2001(2001dollars):
$1862.8/0.285225billion=$6,530.98;$6,530.98-$6,289.72=$241.26],
andthechangeinexpendituresperGDPis-$0.01106billion[$601.1/$8,332.4–
$1,862.8/$10,286.2].
Fortheyears2007to2011,theabsolutechangeinfederalexpenditureswas$874.4billion[$3,603.1billion-$2,728.7billion],
thechangeinfederalexpendituresinrealterms(2011dollars)was$691.9billion[inflationrate=(113.338-106.231)/106.231=6.69%,$3,603.1billion–
$2728.7(1+0.10669)=$691.9billion],
thechangeinrealgovernmentexpenditurespercapitawas$1,899.78[real
governmentexpenditurespercapitain2007(2011dollars):
$2,728*(1+1.10669)/0.3017=$9,647.14;
realgovernmentexpenditurespercapitain2011(2011dollars):
[$3,603/0.3120billion=$11,546.92;$11,546.92$9,647.14=$1,899.78],
andthechangeinexpendituresperGDPis-$0.0442billion[$2,728.7/$14,028–
$3,603.1/$15,094].
b.Thehealthspendingand―other‖categorieshadthelargestrelativeincreaseschangesfrom1997to2001and2007to2011.Netinteresthadtheonlydecreaseinspending.
relativerelative
changefromchangefrom
199720011997to2001200720112007to2011
285.7321.212.426%579.8751.329.579%Defense
123.8172.239.095%266.4372.539.827%Health
190.0217.414.421%375.4485.729.382%Medicare
235.0269.814.809%366.0597.463.224%Incomesecruity
365.3433.018.533%586.2730.824.667%SocialSecurity
244.0206.2-15.492%237.1230.0-2.995%NetInterest
157.3243.154.545%317.9435.536.993%Other
9.
a.The1997to2001absolutechangeinfederaltaxrevenueswas$411.9billion(=$1991.1-$1579.5),whilefrom2007to2011thesamechangewas-$264.5billion(=$2303.5-$2568.0).
Inrealterms,the1997to2001changeinfederaltaxrevenueswas$298.04(inflationoverperiod7.21%,realchange=$1991.1-($1579.2*1.0721).For2007
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