British literature.docx

British literature.docx

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Britishliterature

1_2

Renaissance

1.TheRenaissancereferstotheperiodbetween14th----mid-17thcentury.ItfirststartedinItaly.

2.TheRenaissancemeansrebirthorrevival----thediscoveryofancientRomanandGreekculture.

3.Inessence,TheRenaissanceisahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarstriedtogetridoftheoldfeudalistideasinmedievalEurope,tointroducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie/middleclass,andtorecoverthepurityoftheearlychurchfromthecorruptionofRomanCatholicchurch.

Humanism

4.HumanismistheessenceofRenaissance-----Manisthemeasureofallthings.

Thehumanismexalted/praisedhumannatureandemphasizedthedignityofhuman

beingsandthepresentlife.Theythoughtmanhadtherighttoenjoythebeauty

oflifeandhadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandmadewonders,whichgotready

fortheappearanceofthegreatElizabethanwritersinBritain.Poetryanddrama

werethemostoutstandingliteraryforms.

5.Shakespeare,MarloweandFrancisBaconetc.weretheremarkable

representativesoftheEnglishRenaissance.

WilliamShakespeare

1564-1616

ThePlays

38playsfirmlyattributedtoShakespeare

14comedies

10histories

10tragedies

4romances

154Sonnets

Numerousotherpoems

Comedies

MuchAdoAboutNothing无事生非

AsYouLikeI皆大欢喜

TwelfthNight第十二夜

TheMerchantofVenice威尼斯商人

Tragedies

RomeoandJuliet《罗密欧与朱丽叶》

Hamlet《哈姆雷特》

Othello《奥赛罗》

KingLear《李尔王》

Macbeth《麦克白》

MainThemesofShakespeare’sPlays

1）Hishistoricalplaysarewiththetheme-----nationalunityunderamightandjustsovereign/rulerisnecessary.

2）Inhisromanticcomedies,hetakesanoptimisticattitudetowardlovefriendshipandyouth.

3）Inhistragedies,Shakespearealwaysportrayssomenobleheroes,whofacestheinjusticeoflifeandiscaughtinadifficultsituationandwhosefateiscloselyconnectedwiththefateofhisnation.Eachherohashisweaknessofnature.Wealsoseetheconflictbetweentheindividualandtheevilforceinthesociety.Andhismajorcharactersarealwaysindividualsrepresentingcertaintypes.

Sonnet18

ShallIcomparetheetoaSummer’sday?

Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate.

RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,

AndSummer’sleasehathalltooshortadate.

Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,

Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimm’d;

Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,

Bychance,ornature’schangingcourse,untrimm’d;

ButthyeternalSummershallnotfade,

Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouow’st

NorshallDeathbragthouwander’stinhisshade,

Whenineternallinetotimethougrow’st.

Solongasmencanbreathoreyescansee,

Solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.

我该把你比拟做夏天吗？

你比夏天更可爱，更温婉；

狂风会把五月的娇蕊吹落，

夏天出租的期限又太短暂；

有时天上的眼睛照得太热，

他金色的面容常常变阴暗；

一切美的事物总不免凋败，

被机缘或自然的代谢摧残；

但你永恒的夏天不会褪色，

不会失去你所拥有的美善，

死神也不能夸说你在他阴影里徘徊，

当你在永恒的诗行里与时间同久长；

只要人们能呼吸或眼睛看得清，

此诗将永存，并且赐给你生命．

ArtisticfeaturesofShakespeareanSonnets

Fourteenlinelyric

IambicPentameter

Rhymingpattern:

abab,cdcd,efef,gg

Comments

aprofoundmeditationonthedestructivepoweroftime,thetransitorynatureofhumanlifeandtheeternalbeautybroughtforthbypoetry

astrongbeliefintheeternalvalueofpoetryandliterature

1.Shakespeare’sgreatesttragediesarethefollowingworksexcept____.

A.Hamlet

B.KingLear

C.RomeoandJuliet

D.Othello

2.TheEssenceofRenaissance,themostsignificantintellectualmovement,was_____.

A.Geographicalexploration

B.Religiousreformation

C.Publishingandtranslation

D.Humanism.

3.In“Sonnet18”,Shakespeare_________________.

A.Meditateonthedestructivepoweroftimeandeternalbeautybypoetry.

B.Satirizehuman’svanity.

C.Predicttheeternityoflove.

D.Eulogizethepowerofthebeauty.

4.WhichofthefollowingstatementbestillustratesthethemeofShakespeare’s

Sonnet18?

A.ThespeakereulogizesthepowerofNature.

B.Thespeakersatirizeshumanvanity.

C.Thespeakerpraisesthepowerofartisticcreation.

D.Thespeakermeditatesonman’ssalvation.

5.TheRenaissancereferstobetween14th-mid-17thcentury,whichwasunderthereignofQueen___andabsolutemonarchyinEnglandreacheditssummit,andinwhichthe’realmainstream（真正的文学主流）’was____.

A.Victoria/poetry

B.Elizabeth/drama

C.Mary/novel

D.James/drama

6._____,thefirstofthegreattragedies,isgenerallyregardedasShakespeare’smostpopularplayonthestage,forithasthequalitiesofa“blood-and-thunder”thrilleranda’philosophicalexploration’oflifeanddeath.

A.TheMerchantofVenice

B.Hamlet

C.KingLear

D.TheWinter’sTale

1.“Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouow’st;

Norshalldeathbragthouwander’stinhisshade,

Whenineternallinestotimethougrow’st:

Solongasmencanbreathe,oreyescansee,

Solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.

1）Wheredoesthepoemcomesfrom?

Whowroteit?

Whatdoes“eternallines”mean?

Interpretitbriefly.

2.HowdoyouknowaboutRenaissance?

GiveasummeryaboutEnglishliteratureintheperiod?

3.PleasegiveabriefanalysisofHamlet’s“Tobeornottobe”soliloquy（独白）.

Lecture2

TheAgeofEnlightenmentandJonathanSwift

TheEnlightenmentMovement

vThe18th-centuryEnglandisknownastheAgeofEnlightenmentortheAgeofReason.TheEnlightenmentMovementwasaprogressiveintellectualmovementwhichflourishedinFrance&sweptthroughthewholeWesternEuropeatthetime.

vThemovementwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissanceofthe15th&16thcenturies.

vItspurposewastoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodernphilosophical&artisticideas.Theenlightenerscelebratedreasonorrationality,equality&science.Theycalledforareferencetoorder,reason&rulesandadvocateduniversaleducation.

TheNeoclassicalperiod

v1）TheNeoclassicalperiodisabout1660-1798,alsoknownas"theAgeofEnlightenment"or"theageofReason".

2）Itsbackgroundwas:

a.Itwasanagefullofconflictsanddifferenceofvalues;

b.ItwasanageoffastdevelopmentforEnglishtobecomethefirstpowerfulcapitalistcountryintheworld;

c.Itwasanageofeconomicdevelopment,inwhichbourgeois/middleclassgrewrapidly.

3）Inessence,theNeoclassicalPeriodwasaprogressiveintellectualmovement.

4）TheEnlightenersbelievedinself-restraint,self-relianceandhardwork;Theycelebratedreason/rationality,equalityandscience.

Theyadvocateduniversaleducation,whichcouldmakepeoplerationalandprefect.

CharacteristicsofNeoclassicalLiterature

1.arevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks,allformsofliteratureweretobemodeledaftertheclassicalworks.

2.hadsomefixedlaws&rulesforalmosteverygenreofliterature.

vProseshouldbeprecise,direct,smooth&flexible.

vPoetryshouldbelyrical,epical,didactic,satiricordramatic,&eachclassshouldbeguidedbyitsownprinciples.

vDramashouldbewrittenintheHeroicCouplets；

thethreeunitiesoftime,space&actionshouldbestrictlyobserved.

theRealisticNovel

Themid-18thcenturywas,however,predominatedbyanewlyrisingliteraryform,themodernEnglishnovel,which,contrarytothetraditionalromanceofaristocrats,givesarealisticpresentationoflifeofthecommonEnglishpeople.This-themostsignificantphenomenoninthehistoryofthedevelopmentofEnglishliteratureintheeighteenthcentury-isanaturalproductoftheIndustrialRevolution&asymbolofthegrowingimportance&strengthoftheEnglishofmiddleclass,AmongthepioneerswereDanielDefoe,HenryFielding.

JonathanSwift

（1667—1745）

Hisworks

v“ATaleofaTub”

《一个木桶的故事》（1698）

v“TheBattleoftheBooks”

《书籍之战》（1697）

v“AModestProposal”

《一个温和的建议》（1729）

v“Gulliver’sTravels”

《格列佛游记》（1726）

vAVoyagetoLilliput

vAVoyagetoBrobdingnag

vAVoyagetoLaputa.

vAvoyagetotheCountryoftheHouyhnhnms

AbriefcommentonGulliver'sTravels

AbriefcommentonGulliver'sTravels

vAsawholethebookisoneofthemosteffective&devastatingcriticisms&satiresofallaspectsinthethenEnglish&Europeanlife-socially,politically,religiously,philosophically,scientifically,&morally.Itssocialsignificanceisgreat&itsexplorationintohumannatureprofound.

Swift'shumanistview

vSwiftwasamanofgreatmoralintegrity&socialcharm.Amanwithbitterlifeexperience,hehadadeephatredforalltherichoppressors&adeepsympathyforallthepoor&oppressed.

vHisunderstandingofhumannatureisprofound.Inhisopinion,humannatureisseriously&permanentlyflawed.Tobetterhumanlife,enlightenmentisneeded,buttoredressitisveryhard.So,inhiswritings,althoughheintendsnottocondemnbuttoreform&improvehumannature&humaninstitutions.ThereisoftenanUnder-orovertoneofhelplessness&indignation.

Gulliver'sTravels,JonathanSwift'sbestfictionalwork,containsfourparts,eachaboutoneparticularvoyageduringwhichGulliverhasextraordinaryadventuresonsomeremoteislandafterhehasmetwithshipwreckorpiracyorsomeothermisfortune.

vGulliver'sTravelsisalsoanartisticmasterpiece.Herewefinditsauthorat

vhisbestasamasterofprose.Instructure,thefourpartsmakeanorganic

vwhole,witheachcontriveduponanindependentstructure,&yetcomplementing

vtheothers&contributingtothecentralconcernofstudyofhumannature&

vlife.Thefirsttwopartsareg