an analysis of the comma in english and chinese英语专业论文本科学位论文.docx
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an analysis of the comma in english and chinese英语专业论文本科学位论文.docx
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ananalysisofthecommainenglishandchinese英语专业论文本科学位论文
中国某某某某学校
学生毕业设计(论文)
题 目:
AnAnalysisoftheCommain
EnglishandChinese
姓名:
000000000
班级、学号:
00000000000
系(部):
经济管理系
专业:
商务英语
指导教师:
0000000
开题时间:
2009-4-10
完成时间:
2009-10-22
2009年10月22日
目录
毕业设计任务书…………………………………………………1
毕业设计成绩评定表……………………………………………2
答辩申请书……………………………………………………3-4
正文……………………………………………………………6-25
答辩委员会表决意见……………………………………………26
答辩过程记录表…………………………………………………27
课题AnAnalysisoftheCommainEnglishandChinese
一、课题(论文)提纲
引言
Ⅰ.逗号的基本用法
1.1逗号的来源
1.2逗号的常规基本用法
Ⅱ.逗号的修辞功能
2.1修辞的定义
2.2英语中逗号的修辞作用
2.3汉语中逗号的修辞作用
Ⅲ.逗号的语义功能
3.1英语中逗号的语义功能
3.12逗号引起语义改变
3.2汉语中逗号的语义作用
Ⅳ.逗号的语法功能
4.1.1英语中逗号的语法作用
4.2.2汉语中逗号的语法作用
结论
二、内容摘要
逗号作为英语书面语的一个重要结构表达方式,跟汉语逗号的用法有所不同。
在学习英语时,受汉语母语的干扰,学生往往不能正确地理解和使用英语的逗号。
不少从事英汉翻译的实践者也经常忽略逗号的用法,致使译作时有缺憾。
为此,本文运用语音语调原理、写作、修辞、美学、语义学等方面的知识,通过详实的文献实例,全面地论述了英汉语逗号的修辞和语义功能:
从修辞功能的角度看,逗号可以用以进行澄清、解释、替代、强调、对比、补充,或是取得生动和幽默的效果,等等;从语义功能的角度看,逗号本身可以作为信息载体,暗含特定的意思,在更多的情况下,它本身不含意义,但它的使用与否会引起整个句子意思的变化。
本文在再次强调逗号的重要性的同时,建议英语学习者和研究者们重
新认识标点符号的重要性,并予以充分的重视。
关键词:
逗号英语汉语学习
三、参考文献
[1]Bassett,Susan&Lefevere,AndreConstructingCultures:
EssaysonLiteraryTranslation.ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress.2001
[2]Dingwangdao,etc.ahandbookofwriting,foreignlanguageteachingandResearchPress.1994
[3]GuHongmingTheSpiritoftheChinesePeople,ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearch.1998
[4]Halliday,M.A.K.AnIntroductiontoFunctionalGrammar.London:
EdwardArnold1985
[5]Henle,PaulLanguage,Thought,andCulture.TheUniversityofMichiganPress1965
[6]Kramsch,Claire,LanguageandCulture.ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress2000
[7]官志红.英语写作易忽视的标点符号问题.大学英语,3(1998):
21-23
[8]李现新.逗号的妙用.山东教育,24(1997):
22-24
[9]马占祥.TheUseofPunctuation.内蒙古师大学报(哲学社会科学版),6(1999):
23-25
[10]潘继成.标点符号修辞探微.语文学刊,5(1999):
12-15
[11]汪国胜.标点符号概说.高等函授学报(哲学社会科学版),6(1999):
12-15
[12]许建平.英汉标点符号的异同.大学英语,11(1998):
13-15
[13]张端芬.英汉语标点符号之比较.华南理工大学学报,(自然科学版),52(1997):
13-15
AnAnalysisoftheCommainEnglishandChinese
000000
Abstract:
ThecommaisthemostfrequentlyusedPunctuationmark,butitisoftenabusivelyusedaswell.ManyEnglishlearnersandtranslatorsseldomattachesadequateimportancetoit,soitisnoWonderforthemtomakethisorthatmistakeaboutit.
Thispaper,madeupofthreechapters,isthusdesignedtomakeathoroughstudyoftheuseofthecommainEnglishandChineseThefirstchaptermakesasynopticcomparisonofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthebasicusesofthecommainEnglishandChinese.Groundedonthefirstchapternewandoriginalincontent,thesecondandthethirdchapters,employingthetheoriesinphonetics,writing,rhetoric,semanticsandaesthetics,furtherdiscussestherhetoricalandthesemanticfunctionsofthecommainEnglishandChinese:
rhetoricallyspeaking,thecommacanbeusedtoclarify,toexpound,tosubstitute,toemphasize,tocontrast,tocomplement,ortovivify;semanticallyspeaking,thecommaitselfcancarryinformationtoindicatecertainmeaning,orthePresenceandabsenceofthecommacancausesemanticchanges.
Last,thepaperproposesthemoreresearchshouldbedoneonthecomma,andotherpunctuationmarksaswell.
Keywords:
Comma;comparativeStudy;EnglishChinese
Ⅰ.TheBasicUsesoftheComma
1.1TheOriginoftheComma
AccordingtoEncyclopediaBritannica,therewasnopauseorstopintheearlierformsofEuropeanwriting:
“thelettersranoncontinuouslyinlines,withwordsbydegreesdividedupbyspacingwithinthelines.(Gwinnetal,1993:
799)andinthelate15thcentury,AldusManutiusintroducedaregularsystemofpunctuationmarks,whichincludedthecomma(,),thesemicolon(;),thecolon(:
),theperiod(.)andthequestionmark(?
),andmostofwhichwerederivedfromthedotsoftheGreekgrammarians.Butthesedotshaveoftenchangedmeanings:
therefore,theGreekinterrogativemark(:
)becametheEnglishsemicolon·
InancientChinese,therewasnosuchapunctuationmarkasthecomma(,)toindicateapausewithinasentence,andtherewasevennoperiod.Theterm“句读(dou)”wasfirstusedintheHanDynastyand“读”markedas“、”atthattimereferredtoanypausewithinasentence.Eversincetheinventionofprinting,“句读”wasintroducedfromPersonalstudiesintowrittenmaterialsandtherebyitwasgraduallypopularizednationwide.AftertheOpiumwarin1840,withthetranslationofforeignbooksthewesternpunctuatingsystemwasintroducedintoChinese.In1891,withacombinationofChinesetraditionalpunctuatingsystem“句读”andthenewly-introducedpunctuatingsystem,WangBinyaodrewuptenkindsofpunctuationmarks,amongwhichthemark“,”wasfirstadoptedasapunctuationmarktoindicatetheshortestpauseinChinese.(cf.WuBangju,1996:
7一13)later,manyChinesescholars,suchasChenWangDao,HuShi,QianXuantong,ZhouZuoren,etc.introducedintomodernChinesethemark“,”,toreplacethemark“、”inafinalsensetoindicatethepausewithinasentence,andthemark“hassincebeenusedasanotherpunctuationmarkindicatingtheshortestpausewithinasentence.AndduetothehistoricalborrowingofthecommafromEnglish,thecommainChinesenowsharesagreatdealincommonwiththatinEnglish,althoughdifferencesstillexistsimultaneously.
1.2TheGeneralFunctionoftheComma
Therearevariousversionsofthedefinitionofthecomma,buttheycanroughlybeclassifiedintotwogroups:
GroupI
(l)Punctuationmark(,)toindicatealightpauseorbreakbetweenPartsof
sentence.(OxfordAdvancedLearner’sEnglish-Chinesedictionary:
274)
(2)Punctuationmark(,)indicatingapausebetweenPartsofsentence,ordividingitemsinalist,stringoffigures,etc.(IllustratedOxfordDictionary:
169)
(3)apunctuationmark(now,〕usedtoseparatethesmallestmembersofasentence.Alsousedtoseparatefiguresandsymbolsinarithmetic,Chemicalformulae,etc.(TheOxfordEnglishDictionary:
539)
(4)apunctuationmark(,)usedtoindicateaseparationofelementswithinthestructureofasentence,andinsomecountries toprecedeadecimalfraction.(UniversalDietionary:
320)
(5)thepunctuationmark“,"indicatingaslightpauseinthespokensentenceandusedwherethereisalistingofitemsortoseparateanonrestrictiveclauseorphrasefromamainclause.(Collin’sEnglishDictionary:
303)
Group2
(6)aPunctuationmark(,)usedtoseparatethingsorideasinasentence.(ACurrentEnglish-ChineseDictionary:
157)
(7)amark(,)ofPunctuation.Commasareusedchieflytoshowinterruptionsinthethoughtorinthestructureofasentence,andtoseparatethepartsofanaddressorotherseriesofwordsornumbers.(TheWorldBookDictionary:
415)
(8)aPunctuationmark(,)indicatingaslightseparationinideasorconstruction.(TimeEnglish-EnglishEnglish-ChineseDictionary:
356)
DefinitionsinGroup1simplypointoutthatthecommaisusedtoseparatestructurallysentenceelementssuchasitemsinalist,stringoffigures,andsymbolsinarithmeticorchemicalformulae.However,definitionsinGroup2giveamorecomprehensiveaccountofthegeneralfunctionofthecomma,thatis,toindicateseparationsinthestructureortoshowinterruptionsinthethought.Anditisthislatterdefinitionofthecommathatisadoptedinthispaper.
Ⅱ.TheRhetoricalFunctionsoftheComma
2.1.DefiningRhetoric
Initslongandvigoroushistory,rhetorichasenjoyedmanydefinitions,
AccommodateddifferingPurposes,andvariedwidelyinwhatitincluded.Forexample(cf.LvXu,20()4:
3-4),
1.Theartofusingwordsinspeakingorwritingsoastopersuadeor
Influenceothers.(TheWorldBookDictionary)
Thewordrhetoricwasonceprimarilythenameofanimportantbranchofphilosophyandanartdeservingofseriousstudy.Inrecentyearsthewordhascometobeusedchieflyinapejorativesensetorefertoinflatedlanguageandpomposity.
2.2TheRhetoricalFunctionsoftheCommainEnglish
Ofcourse,therhetoricalfunctionsofthecommaarefarmoreflexibleand
Complicatedthanwhatwasdiscussedintheabovetable.Therefore,insteadoftryinginvaintoexhausttherhetoricalfunctionsofthecommaasameansofcohesion,atentativeeffortismadeheretoprobeintothemostfrequently-usedrhetoricalfunctionsofthecomma.
1.ToClarify
Syntacticallyspeaking,thecommaisusedtoseparateaseriesofitems,ashasalreadybeendiscussedinChapter1.But,thecommausedinthiscaseisfarfromthat:
itisusednotonlytoseparatetoindicatePauses,buttoclarifysoastomakeawrittentexteasiertobereadandunderstood.By“clarify”,thewritermeansthecommaismoreoftenthannotanecessitytoavoidambiguityorvagueness.
2.Toexpound
Whenthecommaisusedtoseparateorsetoffanappositiveelementorothersalike,itoftenindicatesthatwhatimmediatelyfollowsisafurtherexplanationorillustrationoftheantecedent.
3.ToSubstitute
Sometimesawriterwittinglyusesacommatosubstitutewhathasalreadybeenimpliedinthecontextandthereforecanbereadbetweenthelinesbythereader.Bydoingso,thewritercanavoidredundancyorunnecessaryrepetitionssoastonotonlymakethesentencemoreconciseinstructure,butmoreemphaticinforce.
4.Toemphasize
ThecommaisoftenPurposefullyusedtoseparateasentenceelementwhichcoversmostofthepartsofspeechinasentence,theadverbialsinparticular,andwhichthewriterintendstogiveprominenceto.Withoutthecommathewritercanstillmakehimselfunderstood,buthismajorconcernmight,thus,bemissedamongthereaders.
5.Tocontrast
Inordertogiveconsiderableprominencetohisorherfocusofwriting,awriterusuallyadoptsthecommatointroduceacontrastiveelementafterthefocus.Andthecontrastiveelementisusuallyintroducedbynot,butoryet,-Withthiscontrast,thefocuscanbemademore
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