景观生态英文版课件2.ppt
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景观生态英文版课件2.ppt
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LANDSCAPEECOLOGYSREM3011LECTURE2DrBrendanMackeyDepartmentofGeographyTheAustralianNationalUniversityPrinciplesofGeographicInformationSystemsforLandResourceAssessmentsbyBurrough,P.A.(1986/7)OxfordSciencePublicationsMonographsonSoilsandResourcesSurveyno.12-raster(gridded),point,andvectordatatypes-gridbaseddatamanipulation-datavisualisation(2d,3d)-scale;resolution-realandintegerdatatypes-ancillarymodellingprogramsAfundamentalproblem!
nHowdoweknowwhatiswhere?
nHowcanweobtainlandscape-wide(ie.spatiallydistributed)dataabouttheecological(biophysical)resourcesofalandscape?
nWecanonlyevertakemeasurementsfromarelativelysmallnumberoffieldsurveysites/plots;climate,topography,vegetation,wildlife,substrateTheIntegratedLandscapeParadigm1940s,CSIROLandUseResearch1990s,CSIROWaterandLandReconnaissancesurveyforlanduseevaluation-Grazing-Agriculture-Forestry-Recreation-NatureconservationSurveyedlargeareastodeterminemajortypesofcountryandtoassessnaturalresourcesAnalysepatternsfromvisualinspectionofairphotos-Landunits/elementsthathaveauniformparentmaterial,topography,soilandvegetation-Landsystems,however,weremapped1occurrenceofalandunitFieldsurveyundertakentosamplelandunitsSo,surveydatawerespatiallyextendedthroughassumptionofcovarianceie.assumedallexamplesofalandunitsufficientlysimilartoinferpropertiesofanunsurveyedunitfromasampledsiteAproductoftheavailabletechnology-airphotointerpretation-cartographyBasicassumptionofcovariancestillusedinsurvey(soil,geology,vegetation!
)-cartographicproductsoftenusedassourcedataforGIS!
LocationofChimbuProvinceSedimentaryspursnorthoftheSenaRivereastofKarimur.Landscapecomponentsarescarp(C),spurcrest(D),spurslope(A)andfootslope(B).AdjoiningthisunitaretheSenaRiverterraces(ART)LocationoftheQueanbeyan-ShoalhavenareaAraluen(Ar)LandSystem(15sq.miles)Hillsandrollingcountryondeeplydisaggregatedgranitewithmassiveearthsandtexture-contrastsoilsandtallwoodland,mostlycleared.Wroxham(Wr)LandSystem(70sq.miles)Rollingcountryongranitewithtexture-contrastsoils;dryscleorphyllforest(E.rossii-E.mannifera)orsavannahwoodland(E.melliodora),partlycleared.AdvantagesoftheISPnprovidesalandscape-wideperspectiveofbiophysicalresourcesandgenerallandusecapabilitynprovidesanintegrated,ecologicalperspectiveofthelandscape;thelandunitisconceptuallyinteresting!
nmadegooduseofavailabletechnologyAdvantagesofISP(contd)n.air-photointerpretationninformationwassynthesisedinareadilyusableformat(reallyanon-digitalGeographicInformationSystem/GIS)nprovidedameansofplacingfieldsurveydatainageographiccontext;ieaddressedspatialextensionproblemnthebasicconceptofAPIasthemeansofspatialextensionisstillusedinsoil,geological,andvegetationsurveys!
LimitationsofIntegratedSurvey:
1.Subjective(notexplicit),lackofrepeatability2.Poorpredictivecapability(assumptionofcovarianceofteninvalid);descriptive3.Primarysurveydatalost;dataclassified4.Landunits/elementsnotmapped5.Singlegeneralpurposelandscapeclassification6.Notdynamic;whataboutchange/flux?
7.Noclimateinputs-mesoscale-toposcaleTheParametricParadigm1.Selectkeyenvironmentaldeterminantsthatdrivesystemresponse2.Generatespatiallydistributeddata-setsforeachparameter3.Applyquantitativedataanalysisrejectsnotionofasingleclassificationfor,ineffect,problem-specificclassificationsparameter-specificsurveyandspatialextensionrequiredTherefore,amodellingapproachisrequiredy=f(X1,X2,X3,Xn)yissystemresponseXsaredrivingvariablesdeterminantspredictorsTherefore,ifhavespatialestimatesofXs,canmakeaspatialpredictionofyanywhereinthelandTherefore,needGeographicInformationSystem(GIS)usecomputertospatiallyextendsurveydatausecomputertostoreandanalysedatarealisticalternativetoAPIandintegratedsurveyGIStoolstohandlelandscape-wide,spatialdatanDigitalElevationModelsandderivedgriddedestimatesofterrainattributesnInterpolatedClimateSurfacesnDigitizedthematicmaps,eg.geologynSatellite-based(andaeroplane-based)digitalsensors,eg.Landsat,TM,SPOT,hyperspectralscannersGIStoolscontdnstatistical/correlationanalysiscouplingfieldsurveydatatoGISdatabasetherebygeneratingspatialpredictionsofpotentialdistributions(andotherkindsofresponsefunctions)nGISmakesfielddataMOREuseful!
(ie.itinnowayreplacestheneedforthesedata!
)
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