文献翻译原文模具的历史发展.docx
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文献翻译原文模具的历史发展.docx
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文献翻译原文模具的历史发展
1Thehistoricaldevelopmentofmold
DavidO.Kazmer.Injectionmolddesignengineering.
HanserGardnerPublications
Theemergenceofmoldcanbetracedbackthousandsofyearsago,potteryandbronzefoundry,butthelarge-scaleuseiswiththeriseofmodernindustryanddeveloped.
The19thcentury,withthearmsindustry(gun'sshell),watchindustry,radioindustry,diesarewidelyused.AfterWorldWarII,withtherapiddevelopmentofworldeconomy,itbecameamassproductionofhouseholdappliances,automobiles,electronicequipment,cameras,watchesandotherpartsthebestway.Fromaglobalperspective,whentheUnitedStatesintheforefrontofstampingtechnology-manydieofadvancedtechnologies,suchassimplemold,highefficiency,mold,dieandstampingthehighlifeautomation,mostlyoriginatedintheUnitedStates;andSwitzerland,fineblanking,coldinGermanyextrusiontechnology,plasticprocessingoftheSovietUnionareattheworldadvanced.50's,moldindustryfocusisbasedonsubscriberdemand,productioncanmeettheproductrequirementsofthemold.Multi-diedesignruleofthumb,referencehasbeendrawingandperceptualknowledge,onthedesignofmoldpartsofalackofrealunderstandingoffunction.From1955to1965,isthepressureprocessingofexplorationanddevelopmentofthetimes-themaincomponentsofthemoldandthestressstateofthefunctionofamathematicalsub-bridge,andtocontinuetoapplytoon-sitepracticalknowledgetomakestampingtechnologyinallaspectsofaleapindevelopment.Theresultissummarizedmolddesignprinciples,andmakesthepressuremachine,stampingmaterials,processingmethods,plumwithastructure,moldmaterials,moldmanufacturingmethod,thefieldofautomationdevices,anewlooktothepracticaldirectionofadvance,sothatpressingprocessingapparatuscapableofproducingqualityproductsfromthefirststage.
Intothe70'stohighspeed,launchtechnology,precision,security,developmentofthesecondstage.Continuetoemergeinthisprocessavarietyofhighefficiency,businesslife,high-precisionmulti-functionalautomaticschooltohelpwith.Representedbythenumberofworkingplacesasmuchasotherprogressivedieanddozensofmulti-stationtransferstationmodule.Onthisbasis,hasdevelopedbothacontinuouspressingstationtherearemoreslideformingstationofthepress-bendingmachine.Inthemeantime,theJapanesestandtotheworld'slargest-themoldintothemicron-levelprecision,dielife,alloytoolsteelmoldhasreachedtensofmillionsoftimes,carbidesteelmoldtoeachofhundredsofmillionsoftimespminutesforstampingthenumberofsmallpressesusually200to300,upto1200timesto1500times.Inthemeantime,inordertomeetproductupdatesquickly,withtheshortduration(suchascarsmodified,refurbishedtoys,etc.)needavarietyofeconomic-typemold,suchaszincalloydiedown,polyurethanerubbermold,diesteelskin,alsohasbeenverygreatdevelopment.
Fromthemid-70ssofarcanbesaidthatcomputer-aideddesign,supportingthecontinuousdevelopmentofmanufacturingtechnologyofthetimes.Withtheprecisionandcomplexityofmoldrising,acceleratingtheproductioncycle,themoldindustry,thequalityofequipmentandpersonnelarerequiredtoimprove.Relyoncommonprocessingequipment,theirexperienceandskillscannotmeettheneedsofmold.Sincethe90's,mechanicalandelectronictechnologiesincloseconnectionwiththedevelopmentofNCmachinetools,suchasCNCwirecuttingmachine,CNCEDM,CNCmilling,CNCcoordinategrindingmachineandsoon.Theuseofcomputerautomaticprogramming,controlCNCmachinetoolstoimprovetheefficiencyintheuseandscope.Inrecentyears,hasdevelopedacomputertotime-sharingbythewayagroupofdirectmanagementandcontrolofCNCmachinetoolsNNCsystem.
Withthedevelopmentofcomputertechnology,computershavegraduallyintothemoldinallareas,includingdesign,manufacturingandmanagement.。
InternationalAssociationfortheStudyofproductionforecaststo2000,asameansoflinksbetweendesignandmanufacturingdrawingswillloseitsprimaryrole.AutomaticDesignofdiemostfundamentalpointistoestablishthemoldstandardanddesignstandards.Togetridofthepeopleofthepast,andpracticalexperiencetojudgethecompositionofthedesigncenter,wemusttakepastexperiencesandwaysofthinking,forseries,numericalvalue,thenumberoftype-based,asthedesigncriteriatothecomputerstore.Componentsaredrybecauseofmoldconstitutesamillionotherdifferences,tocomeupwithacanadapttovariouspartsofthedesignsoftwarealmostimpossible.Butsomeproductsdonotchangetheshapeofparts,moldstructurehascertainrules,canbesummedupfortheautomaticdesignofsoftware.如IfaJapanesecompany'sCDMsystemforprogressivediedesignandmanufacturing,includingtheimportationofpartsofthefigure,roughstart,striplayout,determinethesizeandstandardtemplates,assemblydrawingandparts,theoutputNCprogram(forCNCmachiningCenterandlinecuttingprogram),etc.,usedin20%ofthetimebyhand,reducetheirworkinghoursto35hours;fromJapanintheearly80swillbethree-dimensionalcad/camsystemforautomotivepaneldie.Currently,thephysicalpartsscanninginput,maplinesanddatainput,geometricform,display,graphics,annotationsandthedataisautomaticallyprogrammed,resultingineffectivecontrolmachinetoolcontrolsystemofpost-processingdocumentshavereachedahighlevel;computerSimulation(CAE)technologyhasmadesomeachievements.Athighlevels,CAD/CAM/CAEintegration,thatdataisintegrated,cantransmitinformationdirectlywitheachother.Achievenetwork.Present.Onlyafewforeignmanufacturersca
2Stamping
Stampingisakindofplasticformingprocessinwhichapartisproducedbymeansoftheplasticformingofthematerialundertheactionofadie.Stampingisusuallycarriedoutundercoldstate,soitisalsocalledcoldstamping.Heatstampingisusedonlywhentheblankthicknessisgreaterthan8-100mm.Theblankmaterialforstampingisusuallyintheformsheetorstrip,andthereforeitisalsocalledsheetmetalforming.Somenon-metalsheets(suchasplywood,micasheet,asbestos,leather)canalsobeformedbystamping.
Stampingiswidelyusedinvariousmetalworkingindustry,anditplaysacrucialroleintheindustriesformanufacturingautomobiles,instruments,militarypartsandhouseholdelectricalappliances,etc.
Theprocess,equipmentanddiearethethreefoundationalproblemsthatneededtobestudiedinstamping.Thecharacteristicsofthesheetmetalformingareasfollows:
(1)Highmaterialutilization.
(2)Capacitytoproducethin-walledpartsofcomplexshape.
(3)Goodinterchangeabilityofstampingpartsprecisioninshapeanddimension.
(4)Partswithlightweight,highstrengthandfinerigiditycanbeobtained.
(5)Highproductivity,easytooperateandtorealizemechanizationandautomatization.
Themanufactureofthestampingdieiscostly,andthereforeitonlyfitstomassproduction.Forthemanufactureofproductsinsmallbatchandrichvariety,thesimplestampingdieandthenewequipmentsuchasastampingmachiningcenter,areusuallyadoptedtomeethemarketdemands.
Thematerialsforsheetmetalstampingincludemildsteel,copper,aluminum,magnesiumalloyandhigh-plasticityalloysteel,etc.
Stampingequipmentincludesplateshearandpunchingpress.Theformershearsplateintostripswithadefinitewidth,whichwouldbepressedlater.Thelatercanbeusedbothinshearingandforming.
Therearevariousprocessesofstampingformingwithdifferentworkingpatternsandnames,buttheseprocessesaresimilartoeachotherinplasticdeformation.Therearefollowingconspicuouscharacteristicsinstamping:
(1)Theforceperunitareaperpendiculartotheblanksurfaceisnotlargebutisenoughtocausethematerialplasticdeformation.Itismuchlessthantheinnerstressesontheplateplanedirections.Inmostcasesstampingformingcanbetreatedapproximatelyasthatoftheplanestressstatetosimplifyvastlythetheoreticaldeformationmechanicsanalysisandthecalculationoftheprocessparameters.
(2)Duetothesmallrelativethickness,theanti-instabilitycapabilityoftheblankisweakundercompressivestress.Asaresult,thestampingprocessisdifficulttoproceedsuccessfullywithoutusingtheanti-instabilitydevice(suchasblankholder).Thereforethevarietyofthestampingprocessesdominatedbytensilestressaremorethanthosedominatedbycompressivestress.
(3)Duringstampingforming,theinnerstressoftheblankisequaltoorsometimeslessthantheyieldstressofthematerial.Inthispoint,thestampingisdifferentfromthebulkforming.Duringstampingforming,theinfluenceofthehydrostaticpressureofthestressstateinthedeformationzonetotheforminglimitandthedeformationresistanceisnotsoimportantastothebulkforming.Insomecircumstances,suchinfluencemaybeneglected.Eveninthecasewhenthisinfluenceshouldbeconsidered,thetreatingmethodisalsodifferentfromthatofbulkforming.
(4)Instampingforming,therestrainactionofthedietotheblankisnotsevereasinthecaseofthebulkforming(suchasdieforging).Inbulkforming,theconstraintformingisproceededbythediewithexactlythesameshapeofthepart.Whereasinstamping,inmostcases,theblankhasacertaindegreeoffreedom,onlyonesurfaceoftheblankcontactswiththedie.Insomeextracases,suchastheformingofthesuspendedregionofsphereorcone,andcurlingattheendoftube,neithersidesof
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