常用的错词.docx
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常用的错词.docx
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常用的错词
WORDSANDEXPRESSIONSCOMMONLYMISUSED
(常常用错的英语词汇及短语)
(ManyofthewordsandexpressionsherelistedarenotsomuchbadEnglishasbadstyle,thecommonplacesofcarelesswriting.AsillustratedunderFeature,thepropercorrectionislikelytobenotthereplacementofonewordorsetofwordsbyanother,butthereplacementofvaguegeneralitybydefinitestatement.)
∙Allright.Idiomaticinfamiliarspeechasadetachedphraseinthesense,"Agreed,"or"Goahead."Inotherusesbetteravoided.Alwayswrittenastwowords.
∙Asgoodorbetterthan.Expressionsofthistypeshouldbecorrectedbyrearrangingthesentence.
Myopinionisasgoodorbetterthanhis.
Myopinionisasgoodashis,orbetter(ifnotbetter).
∙
∙Astowhether.Whetherissufficient;
∙Bid.Takestheinfinitivewithoutto.Thepasttenseisbade.
∙Case.TheConciseOxfordDictionarybeginsitsdefinitionofthisword:
"instanceofathing'soccurring;usualstateofaffairs."Inthesetwosenses,thewordisusuallyunnecessary.
Inmanycases,theroomswerepoorlyventilated.
Manyoftheroomswerepoorlyventilated.
Ithasrarelybeenthecasethatanymistakehasbeenmade.
Fewmistakeshavebeenmade.
∙SeeWood,SuggestionstoAuthors,pp.68-71,andQuiller-Couch,TheArtofWriting,pp.103-106.
∙
∙Certainly.Usedindiscriminatelybysomespeakers,muchasothersusevery,tointensifyanyandeverystatement.Amannerismofthiskind,badinspeech,isevenworseinwriting.
∙Character.Oftensimplyredundant,usedfromamerehabitofwordiness.
Actsofahostilecharacter
Hostileacts
∙
∙Claim,vb.Withobject-noun,meanslayclaimto.Maybeusedwithadependentclauseifthissenseisclearlyinvolved:
"Heclaimedthathewasthesolesurvivingheir."(Butevenhere,"claimedtobe"wouldbebetter.)Nottobeusedasasubstitutefordeclare,maintain,orcharge.
∙Compare.Tocomparetoistopointoutorimplyresemblances,betweenobjectsregardedasessentiallyofdifferentorder;tocomparewithismainlytopointoutdifferences,betweenobjectsregardedasessentiallyofthesameorder.Thuslifehasbeencomparedtoapilgrimage,toadrama,toabattle;CongressmaybecomparedwiththeBritishParliament.ParishasbeencomparedtoancientAthens;itmaybecomparedwithmodernLondon.
∙Clever.Thiswordhasbeengreatlyoverused;itisbestrestrictedtoingenuitydisplayedinsmallmatters.
∙Consider.Notfollowedbyaswhenitmeans,"believetobe.""Iconsiderhimthoroughlycompetent."Compare,"ThelecturerconsideredCromwellfirstassoldierandsecondasadministrator,"where"considered"means"examined"or"discussed."
∙Dependable.Aneedlesssubstituteforreliable,trustworthy.
∙Dueto.Incorrectlyusedforthrough,becauseof,orowingto,inadverbialphrases:
"Helostthefirstgame,duetocarelessness."Incorrectuserelatedaspredicateorasmodifiertoaparticularnoun:
"ThisinventionisduetoEdison;""lossesduetopreventablefires."
∙Effect.Asnoun,meansresult;asverb,meanstobringabout,accomplish(nottobeconfusedwithaffect,whichmeans"toinfluence").
Asnoun,oftenlooselyusedinperfunctorywritingaboutfashions,music,painting,andotherarts:
"anOrientaleffect;""effectsinpalegreen;""verydelicateeffects;""broadeffects;""subtleeffects;""acharmingeffectwasproducedby."Thewriterwhohasadefinitemeaningtoexpresswillnottakerefugeinsuchvagueness.
∙Etc.Nottobeusedofpersons.Equivalenttoandtherest,andsoforth,andhencenottobeusedifoneofthesewouldbeinsufficient,thatis,ifthereaderwouldbeleftindoubtastoanyimportantparticulars.Leastopentoobjectionwhenitrepresentsthelasttermsofalistalreadygiveninfull,orimmaterialwordsattheendofaquotation.
Attheendofalistintroducedbysuchas,forexample,oranysimilarexpression,etc.isincorrect.
∙Fact.Usethiswordonlyofmattersofakindcapableofdirectverification,notofmattersofjudgment.Thataparticulareventhappenedonagivendate,thatleadmeltsatacertaintemperature,arefacts.ButsuchconclusionsasthatNapoleonwasthegreatestofmoderngenerals,orthattheclimateofCaliforniaisdelightful,howeverincontestabletheymaybe,arenotproperlyfacts.
Ontheformulathefactthat.
∙Factor.Ahackneyedword;theexpressionsofwhichitformspartcanusuallybereplacedbysomethingmoredirectandidiomatic.
Hissuperiortrainingwasthegreatfactorinhiswinningthematch.
Hewonthematchbybeingbettertrained.
Heavyartilleryisbecominganincreasinglyimportantfactorindecidingbattles.
Heavyartilleryisplayingalargerandlargerpartindecidingbattles.
∙
∙Feature.Anotherhackneyedword;likefactoritusuallyaddsnothingtothesentenceinwhichitoccurs.
AfeatureoftheentertainmentespeciallyworthyofmentionwasthesingingofMissA.
(BetterusethesamenumberofwordstotellwhatMissA.sang,oriftheprogrammehasalreadybeengiven,totellsomethingofhowshesang.)
∙Asaverb,intheadvertisingsenseofofferasaspecialattraction,tobeavoided.
∙
∙Fix.ColloquialinAmericaforarrange,prepare,mend.Inwritingrestrictittoitsliterarysenses,fasten,makefirmorimmovable,etc.
∙Heisamanwho.Acommontypeofredundantexpression.
Heisamanwhoisveryambitious.
Heisveryambitious.
SpainisacountrywhichIhavealwayswantedtovisit.
IhavealwayswantedtovisitSpain.
∙
∙However.Inthemeaningnevertheless,nottocomefirstinitssentenceorclause.
Theroadswerealmostimpassable.However,weatlastsucceededinreachingcamp.
Theroadswerealmostimpassable.Atlast,however,wesucceededinreachingcamp.
∙Whenhowevercomesfirst,itmeansinwhateverwayortowhateverextent.
Howeveryouadvisehim,hewillprobablydoashethinksbest.
Howeverdiscouragingtheprospect,heneverlostheart.
∙
∙Kindof.Nottobeusedasasubstituteforrather(beforeadjectivesandverbs),orexceptinfamiliarstyle,forsomethinglike(beforenouns).Restrictittoitsliteralsense:
"Amberisakindoffossilresin;""Idislikethatkindofnotoriety."Thesameholdstrueofsortof.
∙Less.Shouldnotbemisusedforfewer.
Hehadlessmenthaninthepreviouscampaign.
Hehadfewermenthaninthepreviouscampaign.
∙Lessreferstoquantity,fewertonumber."Histroublesarelessthanmine"means"Histroublesarenotsogreatasmine.""Histroublesarefewerthanmine"means"Histroublesarenotsonumerousasmine."Itis,however,correcttosay,"Thesignersofthepetitionwerelessthanahundred,"wheretheroundnumber,ahundred,issomethinglikeacollectivenoun,andlessisthoughtofasmeaningalessquantityoramount.
∙
∙Line,alongtheselines.Lineinthesenseofcourseofprocedure,conduct,thought,isallowable,buthasbeensomuchoverworked,particularlyinthephrasealongtheselines,thatawriterwhoaimsatfreshnessororiginalityhadbetterdiscarditentirely.
Mr.B.alsospokealongthesamelines.
Mr.B.alsospoke,tothesameeffect.
HeisstudyingalongthelineofFrenchliterature.
HeisstudyingFrenchliterature.
∙
∙Literal,literally.Oftenincorrectlyusedinsupportofexaggerationorviolentmetaphor.
Aliteralfloodofabuse
Afloodofabuse
Literallydeadwithfatigue
Almostdeadwithfatigue(deadtired)
∙
∙Loseout.Meanttobemoreemphaticthanlose,butactuallylessso,becauseofitscommonness.Thesameholdstrueoftryout,winout,signup,registerup.Withanumberofverbs,outandupformidiomaticcombinations:
findout,runout,turnout,cheerup,dryup,makeup,andothers,eachdistinguishableinmeaningfromthesimpleverb.Loseoutisnot.
∙Most.Nottobeusedforalmost.
Mosteverybody
Almosteverybody
Mostallthetime
Almostallthetime
∙
∙Nature.Oftensimplyredundant,usedlikecharacter.
Actsofahostilenature
Hostileacts
∙Oftenvaguelyusedinsuchexpressionsas"aloverofnature;""poemsaboutnature."Unlessmorespecificstatementsfollow,thereadercannottellwhetherthepoemshavetodowithnaturalscenery,rurallife,thesunset,theuntrackedwilderness,orthehabitsofsquirrels.
∙
∙Nearby.Adverbialphrase,notyetfullyacceptedasgoodEnglish,thoughtheanalogyofclosebyandhardbyseemstojustifyit.Near,ornearathand,isasgood,ifnotbetter.
Nottobeusedasanadjective;useneighboring.
∙Oftentimes,ofttimes.Archaicforms,nolongeringooduse.Themodernwordisoften.
∙Onehundredandone.Retaintheandinthisandsimilarexpressions,inaccordancewiththeunvaryingusageofEnglishprosefromOldEnglishtimes.
∙Oneofthemost.Avoidbeginningessaysorparagraphswiththisformula,as,"Oneofthemostinterestingdevelopmentsofmodernscienceis,etc.;""SwitzerlandisoneofthemostinterestingcountriesofEurope."Thereisnothingwronginthis;itissimplythreadbareandforcible-feeble.
∙People.Thepeopleisapoliticalterm,nottobeconfusedwiththepublic.Fromthepeoplecomespoliticalsupportoropposition;fromthepubliccomesartisticappreciationorcommercialpatronage.
Thewordpeopleisnottobeusedwithwordsofnumber,inplaceofpersons.Ifof"sixpeople"fivewentaway,howmany"people"wouldbeleft?
∙Phase.Meansastageoftransitionordevelopment:
"thephasesofthemoon;""thelastphase."Nottobeusedforaspectortopic.
Anotherphaseofthesubject
Anotherpoint(anotherquestion)
∙
∙Possess.Nottobeusedasameresubstituteforhaveorown.
Hepossessedgreatcourage.
Hehadgreatcourage(wasvery
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