英语专八真题改错含答案doc.docx
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英语专八真题改错含答案doc.docx
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英语专八真题改错含答案doc
2005TheUniversityasBusiness
Anumberofcollegesanduniversitieshaveannouncedsteep
tuitionincreasesfornextyearmuchsteeperthanthecurrent,
verylow,rateofinflation.Theysaytheincreasesareneededbecause
ofalossinvalueofuniversityendowmentsheavilyinvestingincommon1stock.Iamskeptical.Abusinessfirmchoosesthepricethatmaximizes
itsnetrevenues,irrespectivefluctuationsinincome;andincreasinglythe2outlookofuniversitiesintheUnitedStatesisindistinguishablefromthoseof3businessfirms.Theriseintuitionsmayreflectthefacteconomicuncertainty4increasesthedemandforeducation.Thebiggestcostofbeing
intheschoolisforegoingincomefromajob(thisisprimarilyafactorin5graduateandprofessional-schooltuition;thepoorone'sjobprospects,6themoresenseitmakestoreallocatetimefromthejobmarkettoeducation,
inordertomakeoneselfmoremarketable.
Thewayswhichuniversitiesmakethemselvesattractivetostudents7includesoftmajors,studentevaluationsofteachers,givingstudents
agovernancerole,andeliminaterequiredcourses.8Sky-hightuitionshavecauseduniversitiestoregardtheirstudentsascustomers.Justasbusinessfirmssometimescolludetoshortenthe9rigorsofcompetition,universitiescolludetominimizethecosttothemoftheathleteswhomtheyrecruitinordertostimulatealumnidonations,sothebestathletesnowoftenbypasshighereducationinordertoobtainsalariesearlier
fromprofessionalteams.Anduntiltheywerestoppedbytheantitrustauthorities,the
IvyLeagueschoolscolludedtolimitcompetitionforthebeststudents,byagreeingnottoawardscholarshipsonthebasisofmeritratherthanpurely
ofneed-justlikebusinessfirmsagreeingnottogivediscountsontheirbest10customer.
2006Weuselanguageprimarilyasameansofcommunicationwithotherhumanbeings.Eachofusshareswiththecommunityinwhichweliveastoreofwordsandmeaningsaswellasagreeingconventionsas1tothewayinwhichwordsshouldbearrangedtoconveyaparticular2message:
theEnglishspeakerhasinhisdisposalvocabularyanda3setofgrammaticalruleswhichenableshimtocommunicatehis4thoughtsandfeelings,inavarietyofstyles,totheotherEnglish5speakers.His
vocabulary,inparticular,boththatwhichheusesactively
andthatwhichherecognizes,increasesinsizeashegrows
oldasaresultofeducationandexperience.6
But,whetherthelanguagestoreisrelativelysmallorlarge,thesystemremainsnomore,thanapsychologicalrealityfortikeinpidual,unlesshehasameansofexpressingitintermsabletobeseenbyanother7memberofhislinguisticcommunity;hebastogivetilesystema
concretetransmissionform.Wetakeitforgrantedrice"twomost8commonformsoftransmission-bymeansofsoundsproducedbyourvocalorgans(speechorbyvisualsigns(writing.Andtheseare9amongmoststrikingofhumanachievements.10
2007Fromwhathasbeensaid,itmustbeclearthatnoonecan
makeverypositivestatementsabouthowlanguageoriginated.
Thereisnomaterialinanylanguagetodayandintheearliest1recordsof
ancientlanguagesshowuslanguageinanewand2_emergingstate.Itisoftensaid,of
course,thatthelanguage3originatedincriesofanger,fear,painandpleasure,
andthe4_necessaryevidenceisentirelylacking:
therearenoremote
tribes,noancientrecords,providingevidenceof
alanguagewithalargeproportionofsuchcries5_
thanwefindinEnglish.Itistruethattheabsence
ofsuchevidencedoesnotdisprovethetheory,butin6_
othergroundstoothetheoryisnotveryattractive.
Peopleofallracesandlanguagesmakerathersimilarnoisesinreturntopainorpleasure.Thefactthat7suchnoisesaresimilaronthelipsofFrenchmenandMalaysianswhoselanguagesareutterlydifferent,servestoemphasizeonthefundamentaldifferencesbetweenthesenoisesandlanguageproper.Wemay
saythatthecriesofpainorchortlesofamusement
arelargelyreflexactions,instinctivetolargeextent,9
whereaslanguageproperdoesnotconsistofsigns
butofthesethathavetobelearntandthatare10
whollyconventional.
08
Thedesiretouselanguageasasignofnationalidentityisa
verynaturalone,andinresultlanguagehasplayedaprominent1
partinnationalmoves.Menhaveoftenfelttheneedtocultivate2
agivenlanguagetoshowthattheyaredistinctivefromanother3
racewhosehegemonytheyresent.AtthetimetheUnitedStates4
splitofffromBritain,forexample,therewereproposalsthatindependenceshouldbelinguisticallyacceptedbytheuseofa5
differentlanguagefromthoseofBritain.Therewasevenone6
proposalthatAmericansshouldadoptHebrew.OthersfavouredtheadoptionofGreek,though,asonemanputit,thingswouldcertainlybesimplerforAmericansiftheystuckontoEnglish7
andmadetheBritishlearnGreek.Attheend,aseveryone8
knows,thetwocountriesadoptedthepracticalandsatisfactory
solutionofcarryingwiththesamelanguageasbefore.9
Sincenearlytwohundredyearsnow,theyhaveshowntheworld10
thatpoliticalindependenceandnationalidentitycanbecompletewithoutsacrificingtheenormousmutualadvantagesofacommonlanguage.
09专八改错原题
Proofreading&ErrorCorrection:
Theprevioussectionhasshownhowquicklyarhymepasses
fromoneschoolchildtothenextandillustratesthefurtherdifference
(1betweenshcoolloreandnurserylore.Innurseryloreaverse,learnt
inearlychildhood,isnotusuallypassedonagainwhenthelittlelistener
(2hasgrownup,andhaschildrenoftheirown,orevengrandchildren.
(3Theperiodbetweenlearninganurseryrhymeandtransmitting
Itmaybesomethingfromtwentytoseventyyears.Withtheplayground
(4lore,therefore,arhymemaybeexcitedlypassedonwithinthevery
hour(5
itislearnt;andinthegeneral,itpassesbetweenchildrenof
the(6
sameage,ornearlyso,sinceitisuncommonforthedifferenceinage
betweenplaymatestobemorethanfiveyears.Iftherefore,aplayground
rhymecanbeshowntohavebeencurrentlyforahundredyears,or(7
evenjustforfifty,itfollowsthatithasbeenretransmittingover
andover;verypossiblyithaspassedalongachainoftwoorthree(8
hundredyounghearersandtellers,andthewonderisthatitremainslive(9aftersomuchhandling,toletalonethatitbearsresemblancetothe
(10
2010年专八真题改错原文
Sofaraswecantell,allhumanlanguagesareequallycompleteandperfectasinstrumentsofcommunication:
thatis,everylanguageappearstobeaswellequippedasanyothertosaythethingsitsspeakerswanttosay.Itmayormaynotbeappropriatetotalkaboutprimitivepeoplesorcultures,butthatisanothermatter.Certainly,notallgroupsofpeopleareequallycompetentinnuclearphysicsorpsychologyorthecultivationofriceortheengravingofBenaresbrass.Butthisisnotthefaultoftheirlanguage.TheEskimoscanspeakaboutsnowwithagreatdealmoreprecisionandsubtletythanwecaninEnglish,butthisisnotbecausetheEskimolanguage(oneofthosesometimesmiscalled"primitive"isinherentlymorepreciseandsubtlethanEnglish.ThisexampledoesnotbringtolightadefectinEnglish,ashowofunexpectedcfprimitivenessec.ThepositionissimplyandobviouslythattheEskimosandtheEnglishliveindifferentenvironments.TheEnglishlanguagewouldbejustasrichintermsfordifferentkindsofsnow,presumably,iftheenvironmentsinwhichEnglishwashabituallyusedmadesuchdistinctionimportant.
Similarly,wehavenoreasontodoubtthattheEskimolanguagecouldbeaspreciseandsubtleonthesubjectofmotormanufactureorcricketifthesetopicsformedpartoftheEskimos"life.Forobvioushistoricalreasons,Englishmeninthenineteenthcenturycouldnottalkaboutmotorcarswiththeminutediscriminationwhichispossibletoday:
carswerenotapartoftheirculture.Buttheyhadahostoftermsforhorse-drawnvehicleswhichsendus,puzzled,toahistoricaldictionarywhenwearereadingScottorDickens.Howmanyofuscoulddistinguishbetweenachaise,alandau,avictoria,abrougham,acoupe,agig,adiligence,awhisky,acalash,atilbury,acarriole,aphaeton,andaclarence?
2005答案解析:
1.investing应改为invested-这里说“投资于”普通股中的捐赠金价值损失惨重,既然是投资,就是指人去投资,即endowments(thatwereheavilyinvestedin.括号内的部分是被省略的部分,本句形式上是主动,实际意义上为被动,因此应该把investing改为invested,否则逻辑上和语法上都是说不通的。
2.在irrespective和fluctuations之间加上介词of。
irrespectiveOf是一固定用法,意指"不论,不管,不顾,"等,如:
irrespectiveOfthecost不惜工本,irrespectiveoftheconsequences不顾后果‘irrespectiveofdutystatus不论职位高低。
此处指公司不顾收入的波动变化。
3.把those改为thato本句的后半部分主要强调的是大学里的“看法或观
点"(outlook与企业公司的看法或观点不一样,即着眼点在于对两种不同团体看法的对比。
既然前面用的是单数形式,后面也应用单数形式,基本语法规则是前后应一致,本句为代词those的误用,所以应把those改为thato
4.在fact和economic之间力口上关系代词thato这是一个同位语从语,that在同位语从句中是不能省略的,否则就很可能出现意思所指不清的麻烦,所以此处必须加上关系代词thato
5.把定冠词the去掉。
定冠词与一名词连用,表示某个或某些特定的人或物或机构等,而此处的intheschool,—则意思不清,二则可能指在某人正在某个具体学校做某事。
这一层意思与本文上下文不相吻合。
比较之下,inschool是一固定说法,表示“在上学或求学”、“在校读书”正符合本文上下文的意思。
因此应把定冠词去掉。
6.把形容词poor改为其比较级poorero这句中的poor与后面的more形成一对比较关系,表示“越……越……”,根据这一思路,我们应把形容词poor改为其比较级poorer,以表达一种对称关系。
7.在ways和which之间加上一个介词in。
在ways和which之间加上一个介词in,表示intheseways,即指通过前面提到的这些方法。
相似的句子较多,如:
Notallsoundsmadebyanimalsserveaslanguage,andwehaveonlytoturntothatextraordinarydiscoveryof
echo-locationinbatstoseeacaseinwhichthevoiceplaysastrictlyutilitarianrole.(动物发出的声音并不是都能当作语言,因此我们只好求助于蝙蝠回声定位的这种非凡的发展,探究一下语音在何种情况下起着绝对有用的作用。
8.这里应该用动词的一Ing形式即eliminating,以便使句型结构与前面的giving(studentsagovernancerole保持一致,否则句子结构和意思都显得不正确。
9.将shorten(缩短;使变短改为reduce或weaken□此处属于用词不当。
应将shoTten(缩短;使变短改为reduce(使精神垮下来;使身体瘦弱或weaken(使削弱;使衰减,可表
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