英文文献原文译文Linux.docx
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英文文献原文译文Linux.docx
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英文文献原文译文Linux
1.1.History
1.1.1.UNIX
InordertounderstandthepopularityofLinux,weneedtotravelbackintime,about30yearsago...
Imaginecomputersasbigashouses,evenstadiums.Whilethesizesofthosecomputersposedsubstantialproblems,therewasonethingthatmadethisevenworse:
everycomputerhadadifferentoperatingsystem.Softwarewasalwayscustomizedtoserveaspecificpurpose,andsoftwareforonegivensystemdidn'trunonanothersystem.Beingabletoworkwithonesystemdidn'tautomaticallymeanthatyoucouldworkwithanother.Itwasdifficult,bothfortheusersandthesystemadministrators.
Computerswereextremelyexpensivethen,andsacrificeshadtobemadeevenaftertheoriginalpurchasejusttogettheuserstounderstandhowtheyworked.ThetotalcostofITwasenormous.
Technologicallytheworldwasnotquitethatadvanced,sotheyhadtolivewiththesizeforanotherdecade.In1969,ateamofdevelopersintheBellLabslaboratoriesstartedworkingonasolutionforthesoftwareproblem,toaddressthesecompatibilityissues.Theydevelopedanewoperatingsystem,whichwas
simpleandelegant
writtenintheCprogramminglanguageinsteadofinassemblycode
abletorecyclecode.
TheBellLabsdevelopersnamedtheirproject"UNIX."
Thecoderecyclingfeatureswereveryimportant.Untilthen,allcommerciallyavailablecomputersystemswerewritteninacodespecificallydevelopedforonesystem.UNIXontheotherhandneededonlyasmallpieceofthatspecialcode,whichisnowcommonlynamedthekernel.ThiskernelistheonlypieceofcodethatneedstobeadaptedforeveryspecificsystemandformsthebaseoftheUNIXsystem.Theoperatingsystemandallotherfunctionswerebuiltaroundthiskernelandwritteninahigherprogramminglanguage,C.ThislanguagewasespeciallydevelopedforcreatingtheUNIXsystem.Usingthisnewtechnique,itwasmucheasiertodevelopanoperatingsystemthatcouldrunonmanydifferenttypesofhardware.
Thesoftwarevendorswerequicktoadapt,sincetheycouldselltentimesmoresoftwarealmosteffortlessly.Weirdnewsituationscameinexistence:
imagineforinstancecomputersfromdifferentvendorscommunicatinginthesamenetwork,orusersworkingondifferentsystemswithouttheneedforextraeducationtouseanothercomputer.UNIXdidagreatdealtohelpusersbecomecompatiblewithdifferentsystems.
ThroughoutthenextcoupleofdecadesthedevelopmentofUNIXcontinued.MorethingsbecamepossibletodoandmorehardwareandsoftwarevendorsaddedsupportforUNIXtotheirproducts.
UNIXwasinitiallyfoundonlyinverylargeenvironmentswithmainframesandminicomputers(notethataPCisa"micro"computer).Youhadtoworkatauniversity,forthegovernmentorforlargefinancialcorporationsinordertogetyourhandsonaUNIXsystem.
Butsmallercomputerswerebeingdeveloped,andbytheendofthe80's,manypeoplehadhomecomputers.Bythattime,therewereseveralversionsofUNIXavailableforthePCarchitecture,butnoneofthemweretrulyfree.
1.1.3.CurrentapplicationofLinuxsystems
TodayLinuxhasjoinedthedesktopmarket.Linuxdevelopersconcentratedonnetworkingandservicesinthebeginning,andofficeapplicationshavebeenthelastbarriertobetakendown.Wedon'tliketoadmitthatMicrosoftisrulingthismarket,soplentyofalternativeshavebeenstartedoverthelastcoupleofyearstomakeLinuxanacceptablechoiceasaworkstation,providinganeasyuserinterfaceandMScompatibleofficeapplicationslikewordprocessors,spreadsheets,presentationsandthelike.
Ontheserverside,Linuxiswell-knownasastableandreliableplatform,providingdatabaseandtradingservicesforcompanieslikeAmazon,thewell-knownonlinebookshop,USPostOffice,theGermanarmyandsuch.EspeciallyInternetprovidersandInternetserviceprovidershavegrownfondofLinuxasfirewall,proxy-andwebserver,andyouwillfindaLinuxboxwithinreachofeveryUNIXsystemadministratorwhoappreciatesacomfortablemanagementstation.ClustersofLinuxmachinesareusedinthecreationofmoviessuchas"Titanic","Shrek"andothers.Inpostoffices,theyarethenervecentersthatroutemailandinlargesearchengine,clustersareusedtoperforminternetsearches.Theseareonlyafewofthethousandsofheavy-dutyjobsthatLinuxisperformingday-to-dayacrosstheworld.
ItisalsoworthtonotethatmodernLinuxnotonlyrunsonworkstations,mid-andhigh-endservers,butalsoon"gadgets"likePDA's,mobiles,ashiploadofembeddedapplicationsandevenonexperimentalwristwatches.ThismakesLinuxtheonlyoperatingsystemintheworldcoveringsuchawiderangeofhardware.
1.2.Theuserinterface
1.2.1.IsLinuxdifficult?
WhetherLinuxisdifficulttolearndependsonthepersonyou'reasking.ExperiencedUNIXuserswillsayno,becauseLinuxisanidealoperatingsystemforpower-usersandprogrammers,becauseithasbeenandisbeingdevelopedbysuchpeople.
Everythingagoodprogrammercanwishforisavailable:
compilers,libraries,developmentanddebuggingtools.ThesepackagescomewitheverystandardLinuxdistribution.TheC-compilerisincludedforfree,allthedocumentationandmanualsarethere,andexamplesareoftenincludedtohelpyougetstartedinnotime.ItfeelslikeUNIXandswitchingbetweenUNIXandLinuxisanaturalthing.
IntheearlydaysofLinux,beinganexpertwaskindofrequiredtostartusingthesystem..Itwascommonpracticetotellabeginninguserto"RTFM"(readthemanuals).Whilethemanualswereoneverysystem,itwasdifficulttofindthedocumentation,andevenifsomeonedid,explanationswereinsuchtechnicaltermsthatthenewuserbecameeasilydiscouragedfromlearningthesystem.
TheLinux-usingcommunitystartedtorealizethatifLinuxwasevertobeanimportantplayerontheoperatingsystemmarket,therehadtobesomeseriouschangesintheaccessibilityofthesystem.
1.2.2.Linuxfornon-experiencedusers
CompaniessuchasRedHat,SuSEandMandrakehavesprungup,providingpackagedLinuxdistributionssuitableformassconsumption.Theyintegratedagreatdealofgraphicaluserinterfaces(GUIs),developedbythecommunity,inordertoeasemanagementofprogramsandservices.AsaLinuxusertodayyouhaveallthemeansofgettingtoknowyoursysteminsideout,butitisnolongernecessarytohavethatknowledgeinordertomakethesystemcomplytoyourrequests.
Nowadaysyoucanlogingraphicallyandstartallrequiredapplicationswithoutevenhavingtotypeasinglecharacter,whileyoustillhavetheabilitytoaccessthecoreofthesystemifneeded.Becauseofitsstructure,Linuxallowsausertogrowintothesystem:
itequallyfitsnewandexperiencedusers.Newusersarenotforcedtododifficultthings,whileexperiencedusersarenotforcedtoworkinthesamewaytheydidwhentheyfirststartedlearningLinux.
Whiledevelopmentintheserviceareacontinues,greatthingsarebeingdonefordesktopusers,generallyconsideredasthegroupleastlikelytoknowhowasystemworks.Developersofdesktopapplicationsaremakingincredibleeffortstomakethemostbeautifuldesktopsyou'veeverseen,ortomakeyourLinuxmachinelookjustlikeyourformerMSWindowsorMacIntoshworkstation.Thelatestdevelopmentsalsoinclude3DaccelerationsupportandsupportforUSBdevices,single-clickupdatesofsystemandpackages,andsoon.Linuxhasthese,andtriestopresentallavailableservicesinalogicalformthatordinarypeoplecanunderstand.
1.3.DoesLinuxhaveafuture?
1.3.1.OpenSource
TheideabehindOpenSourcesoftwareisrathersimple:
whenprogrammerscanread,distributeandchangecode,thecodewillmature.Peoplecanadaptit,fixit,debugit,andtheycandoitataspeedthatdwarfstheperformanceofsoftwaredevelopersatconventionalcompanies.Thissoftwarewillbemoreflexibleandofabetterqualitythansoftwarethathasbeendevelopedusingtheconventionalchannels,becausemorepeoplehavetesteditinmoredifferentconditionsthantheclosedsoftwaredeveloperevercan.
TheOpenSourceinitiativestartedtomakethiscleartothecommercialworld,andveryslowly,commercialvendorsarestartingtoseethepoint.Whilelotsofacademicsandtechnicalpeoplehavealreadybeenconvincedfor20yearsnowthatthisisthewaytogo,commercialvendorsneededapplicationsliketheInternettomakethemrealizetheycanprofitfromOpenSource.NowLinuxhasgrownpastthestagewhereitwasalmostexclusivelyanacademicsystem,usefulonlytoahandfulofpeoplewithatechnicalbackground.NowLinuxprovidesmorethantheoperatingsystem:
thereisanentireinfrastructuresupportingthechainofeffortofcreatinganoperatingsystem,ofmakingandtestingprogramsforit,ofbringingeverythingtotheusers,ofsupplyingmaintenance,updatesandsupportandcustomizations,etcetera.Today,Linuxisreadytoacceptthechallengeofafast-changingworld.
1.3.2.Tenyearsofexperienceatyourservice
WhileLinuxisprobablythemostwell-knownOpenSourceinitiative,thereisanotherprojectthatcontributedenormouslytothepopularityoftheLinuxoperatingsystem.ThisprojectiscalledSAMBA,anditsachievementisthereverseengineeringoftheServerMessageBlock(SMB)/CommonInternetFileSystem(CIFS)protocolusedforfile-andprint-servingonPC-relatedmachines,nativelysupportedbyMSWindowsNTandOS/2,andLinux.PackagesarenowavailableforalmosteverysystemandprovideinterconnectionsolutionsinmixedenvironmentsusingMSWindowsprotocols:
Windows-compatible(uptoandincludingWin2K)file-andprint-servers.
MaybeevenmoresuccessfulthantheSAMBAprojectistheApacheHTTPserver
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