外文文献翻译发达国家和发展中国家的ERP实施问题.docx
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外文文献翻译发达国家和发展中国家的ERP实施问题.docx
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外文文献翻译发达国家和发展中国家的ERP实施问题
ERPimplementationissuesinadvancedanddevelopingcountries
Abstract
Thereisanincreasingneedtoimplementatotalbusinesssolutionwhichsupportsmajorfunctionalitiesofabusiness.Enterpriseresourceplanning(ERP)softwareisdesignedtomeetthisneed,andhasbeenwidelyadoptedbyorganizationsindevelopedcountries.Meanwhile,ERPisbeginningtoappearinmanyorganizationsofdevelopingcountries.LittleresearchhasbeenconductedtocomparetheimplementationpracticesofERPindevelopedvsdevelopingcountries.OurresearchshowsthatERPtechnologyfacesadditionalchallengesindevelopingcountriesrelatedtoeconomic,cultural,andbasicinfrastructureissues.ThisarticleidentifiesarangeofissuesconcerningERPimplementationbymakingacomparisonofadvancedanddevelopingcountries.
Keywords:
EnterpriseResourcemanagement;Implementation;Developingcountries.
Enterpriseresourceplanning(ERP)isanindustrytermforthebroadsetofactivitiessupportedbymulti-moduleapplicationsoftwarethathelpsamanufactureroraservicebusinessmanagetheimportantpartsofitsbusiness.EvolvingfromMRPsystems,ERPhasplayedasignificantroleinITforseveraldecades.SincethefirstsymbioticERPproductSAPcreatedin1972,ERPmarketrevenuesareexpectedtobeashighas$52billionbytheyear2002.WhilethereiswideacceptanceofERPindevelopedcountriessuchastheUSA,Canada,theUK,andAustralia,developingcountrieslagfarbehind.Atpresent,NorthAmericaoccupies66percentoftheERPmarket,Europetakes22percent,whilethewholeofAsiaisonlyat9percent.However,duetoeconomicgrowth,developingcountriesinAsiaandLatinAmericaarebecomingmajortargetsofbigERPvendors.
ERPindevelopedcountries
ERPsystemshavebeenwidelyusedbycompaniesindevelopedcountries.Organizationsinmanufacturing,service,andenergyindustriesadoptERPto:
∙automatethedeploymentandmanagementofmaterial,financeandhumanresources;
∙streamlineprocessesandachieveprocessimprovement;
∙achieveglobalcompetitiveness.
Inthissection,NorthAmerica,Europeareselectedasrepresentativedevelopedcountries.
NorthAmerica(USA,Canada)
EuropeansdesignedthefirstintegratedERPsystem–SAPinGermany,1972,whereas,organizationsinNorthAmericaseemtohavericherexperienceinthiskindofsoftwareandhaveusedintegratedsoftwaresolutionsfordecades.Ascommercialsystemsevolvedfrommaterialplanning(MRP)toenterpriseplanning(ERP),companiescontinuedinvestmenttobringinnewersystems.Currently,twooutofthreeERPdealsinNorthAmericaarereplacementdeals.
TheUSAistheprimarytargetofERPandrepresents66percentofrevenuesforthemajorvendors.Before2000,onemajorconcernofNorthAmericancorporationswasY2Kproblems.AfterY2K,managementturneditseyestoextendingitsenterprises.Severaltrendshaveappeared.E-commerceisamajorforce.OrganizationswanttheirERPsystemstoconnectmoretightlywithsuppliersandcustomersviae-commerce.Supplychainmanagement(SCM)products,regardedaspost-ERP,arenowenteringintoNorthAmericanorganizations.SCMfunctionsincludedemandforecasting,sourcingandprocurement,inventoryandwarehousemanagement,anddistributionlogistics.
Europe(UK,Germany,France)
EuropeisthesecondlargesttargetERPsalesmarket(at22percent).ManybigERPvendorsstartedtheirbusinessfromEurope;e.g.SAPAG,Baan,JBAInternationalandIntentia.Historically,strongmanufacturingindustryisanunderlyingreasonforsomanyERPvendorsinEurope.ThereareseveralreasonsforEurope’sERPmarket.First,economicallyadvancedcountrieshaveasolidindustrialandmanufacturingbase.Second,thereisastrongnationalinformationinfrastructure.Third,themultiple-languageandmulti-currencyrequirementsmaketheERPsoftwareattractive.Fourth,qualityemployeesareavailabletoimplementadvancedtechnologies.
CharacteristicsofERPimplementationindevelopedcountries
ItiseasytounderstandwhyNorthAmericaandEuropeoccupythelargestERPmarket.Fromnationalandenvironmentalperspectives,thesecountrieshaveexcellentinfrastructureswhicheffectivelyfacilitateITdiffusion.Strongeconomicbaseandgrowthfurtherdrivetheneedfornewtechnology.GovernmentalITpolicy,deregulationandorganizationalenthusiasmforITfueltechnologydevelopment.NewtechnologiessuchasERP,SCMandothersarequicklyabsorbedbyorganizationsinalmostallindustries.
Fromanorganizationalperspective,companiesindevelopedcountriesaremorelikelytosucceed.HigherITmaturityandfavorablecomputerculturemakeorganizationsreadytohandlecomplextechnology.Alsoorganizationsaredevelopingastrongprocessmanagementorientation(Davenport,1994).BPRispracticedfrequentlyinNorthAmericanandEuropeancountries.
Sometrendsareobservable.First,smallandmiddlesizedenterprises(SMEs)arebecomingtargetsofERPvendors.Second,ERPcoupledwithe-commercefunctionalitywilldominatethemarket.E-commerceisbecominganewwayofdoingbusinessbetweenbusinessandbusiness(B2B)andbetweenbusinessandcustomer(B2C).CIOsareplanningtobuildelectroniccommerceanddecision-supportextensionstoERPimplementations.Meanwhile,e-commercebasedERPsystemsarecommerciallyavailable。
Third,SCMsoftwareismakinginroads.OrganizationsarepursuingsupportforthewholesupplychainbeyondwhatERPcanprovide.
ERPindevelopingcountries
ERPsoftwarevendorsareexperiencingglobalexpansion.Asia/PacificandLatinAmericancountriesaretakingthelead.TheAsia-PacificERPmarketaccountsfor9percentofrevenues,andLatinAmericafor3percent.Economicexpansion,especiallyinAsiancountries,isthemajorreason.Second,fiercecompetitionandpressuresfromWesterncorporationsforcefirmsindevelopingcountriestovigorouslypursueinformationtechnology.
However,ERPisinitsearlystagesindevelopingcountries.InadequateITinfrastructure,governmentalpolicies,smallsizeofcompanies,lackofIT/ERPexperience,andlowITmaturityseriouslyaffecttheadoptiondecision.
China,IndiaareselectedasrepresentativecountriesforERPdiscussion.
China
Chinahasachievedimpressiveeconomicgrowthinrecentyears.ItisundergoingatechnologicalchangewithhugeITinvestmentsinbothpublicandprivatesectors.However,thereareonlyahandfulofcompaniesusingERPsystems.
Internationalvendorsplayaprimaryrole.Thereareafewlocalsoftwarepackagesthatarelowcostbutareprimarilyaccountingandfinancialapplications.Forexample,Yongyou1softwareiswidelyutilized,butitfocusesonaccountingfunctionsandisnotarealERPsystem.TherearenolocalprofessionalERPvendors.Majorinternationalvendorshaveopenedtheirbusinessinmajorcities.SomevendorsaccessthemarketviatheirdelegatedinternationalcompaniessuchasIBM,Compaq,Andersen,andPriceWaterhouseCoopers.
Infrastructureisamajorproblem.Telecommunications,thoughsignificantimprovementshavebeenmadeinrecentyears,isgoodonlyinmajorcities.Thetelephonedensity,althoughincreasing,isstillquitelow.Internetserviceisexpensive,nottomentionISDN,ATMandotherbroadbandservices.Thegovernmentisfindingitnecessarytoallowcompetitionandprofitmakingorganizations(evenforeigncompanies)toraisethetelephonedensitytoitstargetofeightper100.
LowITmaturityofChina’sindustriesisalsoamajorproblem.Enterpriseslackalong-termMISstrategy,andISdepartments/staff(iftheyexist)lackprojectexperience.Often,companieshavelimitedprocessmanagementknowledge,andBPRisseldomconducted.Chinesemanagementstyle,informalplanningandprocessmodeling,highlyinterdependentsocialandorganizationalrelationships,andattitudestowardsorganizationalchangealllimitprocessinnovationefforts.Mostcompanieshavelimitedknowledgeofinternationalbusinesspractice.Languageisalsoanimportantconcern.MandarinistheofficiallanguageandspokenbymostChinese,whereasEnglishisusedbyMNCs.ThelanguagecausescommunicationbarriersbetweenChineseusersandinternationalERPvendors.Furthermore,higheconomicgrowthbuiltonaweakbasehasleadtodiversebusinesspracticesandcrossindustryenterprisestructure.
Owingtothesereasons,majorERPcustomersinChinaarelimitedtoglobalMNCcorporations.Somelargestate-ownedorganizationsarepotentialERPusersbuttheyarehauntedbyhighcosts.Smallandmiddle-sizedenterprisesarevirtuallyexcludedoutofthismarket.
India
Indiahasalsoachievedsignificanteconomicgrowthinrecentyears.ItsITindustrygrowthisquiteadmirable.Indiaisthelargestdevelopingcountrybaseforglobalsoftwareoutsourcing.Moreover,globalsoftwareoutsourcingcontinuestogrowrapidly,withoverUS$3.00billionincontractsfromdevelopingcountriesin2000.Indiaalsoownsthebestsoftwareengineersintheworld.BecauseEnglishistheofficialbusinesslanguage,itsITstaffcancommunicateeffectivelywithcounterpartsintheworld.
However,ITdiffusionandimplementationlagsfarbehind,andERPgrowthinIndiahasbeenquiteslowexceptinrecentyears.Whilethecountryboastsofdecadesofmanufacturing,availabilityofskilledworkers,Englishasthebusinesslanguage,andthefirstMRP-II/ERPsystemsintroducedoveradecadeago,yettheERPpenetrationisestimatedatapiddling6percent.Eventhisratewasachievedaftera75percentgrowthinthelasttwoyears.Accordingtooneestimate,thismarketwasexpectedtobeonlyaroundUS$10millionbyyear2000(Erry,1998).
CharacteristicsofERPimplementationindevelopingcountries
Severalfactorsw
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