高铭菊三稿.docx
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高铭菊三稿.docx
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高铭菊三稿
AnAnalysisofEnglishWord-formation
Ⅰ.Introduction
VocabularyisoneofthemainobstaclesofEnglishstudy.Thestudentsareafraidofrememberwords,althoughthestudentsknowthatvocabularyisveryimportant.Manystudentscomplainaboutthattherearesomanywordsneedremember,especiallywhentheirreadingandlisteningandfinditdifficultforthemtounderstandthemcorrectly.Besides,theirwayofmemorizingwordsisextremelymechanical,whichleadtoeasilybeforgotten.Finally,studentswilllostinterestinEnglishlearning.However,Englishword-formationcanhelpusrecognizeEnglishwords,understandthemcorrectly,andenlargeourvocabularyquickly.ItisanefficientwayandpowerfulweaponforEnglishstudy.EnglishWord-formationalsocalledword-building,isanimportantwayofcreatingnewwordsaccordingtoacertainlanguagerule,whichisimportantmeansofvocabularyenlargementThemostproductiveareaffixation,compoundingandconversion.Talkingaboutword-formationpatternsreferstodealingwithrules.Butnotallwordswhichareproducedbyapplyingtheruleareacceptable.Theacceptabilityisgainedonlywhenthewordhavegainedaninstitutionalcurrencyinthelanguage.Thereforerulesonlyprovideaconstantsetofmodelsfromwhichnewwordsarecreatedfromdaytoday.Toacertainextent,thoserulesthemselvesarenotfixedbutchangedasthetimegoesby.Theexpansionofthevocabularyisacommonandnaturalphenomenonofanylanguage,ofcourseincludingtheEnglishlanguage.TheresourcesofEnglishvocabularyisnotonlythroughtheadoptionofwordsfromotherlanguage,butalsofromtheformationofnewwordswiththematerialavailableinthelanguage.Thefollowingwillintroducethemostofseveralcommonword-formationmethods.ItisnecessarytohavealargevocabularyifyouwanttolearnEnglishwell.
Ⅱ.TheFunctionofEnglishword-formation
Whatisthewordformation?
Vocabularyisoneofthebasicelementsoflanguage,intheinitialstageoflanguagedevelopment,peopleuseasmallamountofwordsandsimplewordstoexpressdailysimplethingsandconcept.Thesewordsarethemostbasicwords,callednewwords(primitives),alsocalledbasicwordsorrootwordsinthelinguistics.ThenewwordsintheEnglishlanguageismostlyasinglesyllable,suchas:
sun,man,head,foot,fish,see,run,thenumberofthemislimited.Alongwiththedevelopmentofsociety,theexpansionofthelanguageandthefusionmakethelanguagemorecomplicated,theoriginallimitedthenewwordshasnotenough,peoplewillcreatesomeofthenewwordstoexpresssomethingsandnewconcepts.Accordingtothelawoflanguage,thereisanewmethodofcreatingnewwordscalledthewordformation(word-formationorword-building).ThefunctionofEnglishwordformationisofsignificance.Itistalkedaboutfromthreeaspectsasfollowing.
2.1AneffectivewaytoenlargeourEnglishvocabulary
Withtheproceedingsofglobalization,theincreaseofinternationalassociation,itissoimportantforustolearnEnglish.ThenumberofthepeoplewhobegintolearnEnglishhasincreasedatahighspeed.HowcanweimproveourEnglisheffectivelyisundoubtedlythefocusofourattention.Generallyspeaking,vocabularyandgrammaticalrulesarekeystolearningEnglishwell.Amongthetwoaspects,vocabularyapparentlyplaysamoreimportantrole.
Vocabularyisthefoundationoflanguage.Ifalanguagelearnerdoesnothaveenoughvocabularytoexpresshisorheropinionsandunderstandotherpeople,evenifhisorhergrammaticalrulesandpronunciationsareexcellent,buthecan’tcommunicatewithotherswell,heshouldn’tbeagoodlanguagelearner.
Undertheinfluenceoftraditionalteachingmode,teachersoftenemphasismoreongrammaticalrulesandpronunciationsthanvocabulary.Asaresult,studentsspendalotoftimeonrememberingnewwords,buttheresultsarenotsoefficient.HoweverifwehaveaknowledgeofEnglishwordformation,theresultswillbenotthatbad.WordformationisreallyaneffectivewaytoenlargeourEnglishvocabulary.
2.2Helpushaveabettercomprehensionofanarticle
Whenwearereadinganewarticle,weoftenencounterwithsomenewwordsthatwehaveneverseenbefore.Inthiscase,mostofuswillleaveoutthenewwordandcontinuethefollowingsections.However,thisisnotagoodhabit.IfwewanttoimproveourEnglish,wehavetotakeeverynewwordseriouslyeitherlookthemupinthedictionaryorsearchfortheinternet.Butdon’tyouthinkthatthesemethodsareinefficient?
IfweknowsomethingaboutEnglishwordformation,maybethearticlewouldnotbesodifficultforustounderstand.Inthisway,wecanguessthemeaningofthenewwordaccordingtowhatwehavelearnedaboutEnglishwordformation.Ithasbeenprovedthatourguessiscorrectinmostcases.Sowesaywordformationcanhelpushaveabettercomprehensionofanewarticle.
2.3Manynewwordscanbederivedbasedontherulesofword-formation
Asweallknow,TheEnglishvocabularychangeswiththedevelopment.Thisisafundamentallinguisticlawweshouldunderstand.Alargeamountofnewwordshavesprungupwiththerapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology.Somenewwordsonlyemergedinaveryshorttimeandthendisappeared,however,therearestillalotofwordsaresharedbymanypeople.Finally,thesewordsarerecognizedbythewholehumansociety.Someareevenaddedtothereverseddictionary.Canwesaythatthesewordsareallunreasonableandirrational?
Theanswerisabsolutely“No”.
Mostofthenewwordsthathavebeenrecognizedarederivedbasedoncertainrulesofwordformation.Forinstance,ecophysiologywascreatedinthe1962.Itmeans'thescienceoftheinterrelationshipbetweenthephysiologyoforganismsandtheirenvironment'.ItisacharacteristicapplicationofEnglishword-formation.SoitisnecessaryforustolearnEnglishword-formation.
Ⅲ.UnderstandingtheStructureofWordsandMorphemes
Languageisthebridgeofcommunicationbetweenpeople.Wordsarethebricksofthemansionoflanguage.Meaningsaretheheartofwords.Therefore,first,weshouldknowwhatisaword.TheancienttimeGreekphilosopherdefined"wordsasthesmallestsignificantunitsofspeech."Thesedefinitionwasacceptedbylinguistsforaverylongtime,forcenturies.Usingmodernmethodsofanalysis,awordisaminimumfreeform.Forexample,driveisaword,andsoisdriver.Butstructurallyspeaking,driveanddriveraresomewhatdifferentwhereasworkcannotbebrokendownintoanysmallerunits,drivercan.Theworddrivercanbedividedintotwogrammaticallysignificantelements:
driveand-er.Suchwordformsasbooks,deskscanalsodividedintotwogrammaticallysignificantelements:
bookordeskand-s.Theseminimalgrammaticalunitsarecalledmorphemes.DavidCrystaldefinedthemorphemeinhisbookAFirstDictionaryofLinguisticsandPhoneticsis'theminimaldistinctiveunitofgrammar,andtheconcernofmorphology.'Inanotherword,itcanbeconsideredas'thesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords.
Then,morphemesarecommonlyclassifiedintotwoformsaccordingtotheircharacter:
oneisfreeform,andtheotherisboundform.Freemorphemesaremorphemeswhichcanoccurasseparatewords.Boundmorphemesaremorphemeswhichcannotstandaloneaswords,theyaremainlyaffixes.Thatistosay,aboundmorphemeisonethatmustappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme,boundorfreeinaword.SuchastheEnglishwordunhelpfulconsistsofthreemorphemes:
un-,help,and-ful.Helpisafreemorpheme,un-and-fulareboundmorphemes.Understandingthestructureofwordsandmorphemescanalsohelpusenlargevocabularyandmemorizethenewwords.
Therearethreetypesofwordsaccordingtomorphology.
1)Simplewords:
asimplewordisonewhichcontainsonlyonefreeform,suchasbook,moon.
2)Compoundwords:
acompoundwordisonewhichconsistofmorethanonefreeform.Thewordblackbirdisanexample.
3)Complexwords:
acomplexwordisonewhichhasonefreeformandoneormorethanoneboundform,suchasbicycle(cycle-afreeform,bi-aboundmorpheme).
SimplewordsarethecommoncoreoftheEnglishvocabulary.Theyexistforalongtime,andprovidethelanguagewithabasisfortheformationofnewwords.Asthescienceandtechnologydeveloprapidly,alargenumberofnewwordsespeciallycompoundwordsandcomplexwordsappear.Ontheonehandtheyareasimportantassimplewords,ontheotherhandtheiractualnumberismuchbiggerthanthatofsimplewords.Andgenerallyspeaking,mostoftheEnglishwordsisaddedbyaffixation,soweshouldnotneglecttheimportanceoftheEnglishword-formation.
IV.TheMainProcessesofEnglishWord-formation
AfterpeoplehavesomeEnglishvocabularyintheirmind,takingfulluseoftheknowledgeofEnglishword-formationtogooverthewords,enrichtheirvocabulary,improvetheirunderstandingofEnglishlanguageandthecapableoftheapplicationoflanguagewillbehelpfuljustaswelearntheChineselanguage.ThispartischieflybasedonAComprehensivegrammaroftheEnglishLanguagebyRandolphQuirketal.publishedin1985.Itconsistsoffourmaintypesofword-formationinEnglish.ThemainprocessesofEnglishWord-formationareaffixation(prefixation,suffixation),conversion,compounding.AndtheyareoftenapplicatedandseenintheEnglishlanguage.Forexample,afterwehavelearnthewordclass,wewilllearnsomenewwordsmoreeasilysuchasclassroom,classmatethroughcompounding.IfyoucanacquireitandapplyitflexiblyinEnglishlearning,youwouldcertainlybenefitfromit.Now,wewillintroducethefourmaintypesofEnglishword-formationonebyone.
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