华中科技大学考博英语真题答案.docx
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华中科技大学考博英语真题答案.docx
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华中科技大学考博英语真题答案
华中科技大学2014年考博英语-真题-答案
考试时间2014年3月22日星期六下午2:
00-5:
00原创作者qq347952582
SinceWouldWarIIconsiderableadvanceshavebeenmadeintheareaofhealth-careservices.Theseincludebetteraccesstohealthcare(particularlyforthepoorandminorities),improvementsinphysicalplants,andincreasednumbersofphysiciansandotherhealthpersonnel.Allhaveplayedapartintherecentimprovementinlifeexpectancy(lifeexpectancy:
n.平均寿命(=expectationoflife)).Butthereismountingcriticismofthelargeremaininggapsinaccess,unbridledcostinflation,thefurtherfragmentationofservice,excessiveindulgenceinwastefulhigh-technology“gadgeteering,”andabreakdownindoctor-patientrelationships.Inrecentyears(inrecentyears:
最近几年中)proposedpanaceasandnewprograms,smallandlarge,haveproliferatedatafeverishpaceanddisappointmentsmultiplyatalmostthesamerate.Thishasledtoanincreasedpessimism—“everythinghasbeentriedandnothingworks”—whichsometimesbordersoncynicismorevennihilism.
Itistruethattheautomatic“passthrough”ofrapidlyspiralingcosts(spiralingcosts:
螺旋式上升的费用)togovernmentandinsurancecarriers,whichwassetinapublicizedenvironmentof“therichestnationintheworld,”producedforatime(foratime:
adv.暂时,一度)asenseofunlimitedresourcesandallowedtodevelopamoodwherebyeverypractitionerandinstitutioncould“dohisownthing”withoutundueconcernforthe“MedicalCommons.”Thepracticeoffull-costreimbursementencouragedcapitalinvestmentandnowtheindustryisovercapitalized.Manycitieshavehundredsofexcesshospitalbeds;hospitalshaveproliferatedasuperabundanceofhigh-technologyequipment;andstructuralostentationandluxuryweretheorderoftheday(orderoftheday:
议程,<口>流行的事物,风尚).Inanygivenday,one-fourthofallcommunitybedsarevacant;expensiveequipmentisunderusedor,worse,usedunnecessarily.Capitalinvestmentbringsrapidlyrisingoperatingcosts(operatingcosts:
生产费用,营业成本).
Yet,inpart,thispessimismderivesfromexpectingtoomuchofhealthcare.Itmustberealizedthatcareis,formostpeople,apainfulexperience,oftenaccompaniedbyfearandunwelcomeresults.Althoughthereisvastroomforimprovement,healthcarewillalwaysretainsomeunpleasantnessandfrustration.Moreover,thecapacitiesofmedicalsciencearelimited.HumptyDumpty(一经损坏无法修复的东西)cannotalwaysbeputbacktogetheragain.Toomanyphysiciansarereluctanttoadmittheirlimitationstopatients;toomanypatientsandfamiliesareunwillingtoacceptsuchrealities.Norisittruethateverythinghasbeentriedandnothingworks,asshownbytheprepaidgrouppracticeplansoftheKaiserFoundationandatPugetSound.Inthemain(inthemain:
adv.大体上),however,suchundertakingshavebeendrownedbyaveritablefloodofpublicandprivatemoneyswhichhavesupportedandencouragedthecontinuationofconventionalpracticesandsubsidizedtheirshortcomingsonamassive,almostunrestrictedscale.Exceptforthemostidealisticanddedicated,therewerenoincentivestoseekchangeortopracticeself-restraintorfrugality.Inthisatmosphere,itisnotfairtocondemnasfailuresallattemptedexperiments;itmaybemoreaccuratetosaymanyneverhadafairtrial.
1.TheauthorimpliesthattheKaiserFoundationandPugetSoundplans(lines47-48)differedfromotherplansby
(A)encouragingcapitalinvestment
(B)requiringphysicianstotreatthepoor
(C)providingincentivesforcostcontrol
(D)employingonlydedicatedandidealisticdoctors(C)
(E)relyingprimarilyonpublicfunding
2.Theauthormentionsallofthefollowingasconsequencesoffull-costreimbursementEXCEPT
(A)risingoperatingcosts
(B)underusedhospitalfacilities
(C)overcapitalization
(D)overrelianceonexpensiveequipment(E)
(E)lackofservicesforminorities
3.Thetoneofthepassagecanbestbedescribedas
(A)light-heartedandamused
(B)objectivebutconcerned
(C)detachedandunconcerned
(D)cautiousbutsincere(B)
(E)enthusiasticandenlightened
4.Accordingtotheauthor,the“pessimism”mentionedatline35ispartlyattributabletothefactthat
(A)therehasbeenlittlerealimprovementinhealth-careservices
(B)expectationsabouthealth-careservicesaresometimesunrealistic
(C)largesegmentsofthepopulationfinditimpossibletogetaccesstohealth-careservices
(D)advancesintechnologyhavemadehealthcareserviceunaffordable(B)
(E)doctorsarenowlessconcernedwithpatientcare
5.Theauthorcitestheprepaidplansinlines46-48as
(A)counterexamplestotheclaimthatnothinghasworked
(B)examplesofhealth-careplansthatwereover-funded
(C)evidencethathealth-careservicesarefragmented
(D)proofofthetheorythatnoplanhasbeensuccessful(A)
(E)experimentsthatyieldeddisappointingresults
6.Itcanbeinferredthatthesentence“HumptyDumptycannotalwaysbeputbacktogetheragain”meansthat
(A)thecostofhealth-careserviceswillnotdecline
(B)somepeopleshouldnotbecomedoctors
(C)medicalcareisnotreallyessentialtogoodhealth
(D)illnessisoftenunpleasantandevenpainful(E)
(E)medicalsciencecannotcureeveryill
7.Withwhichofthefollowingdescriptionsofthesystemforthedeliveryofhealth-careserviceswouldtheauthormostlikelyagree?
(A)Itisbiasedinfavorofdoctorsandagainstpatients.
(B)Itishighlyfragmentedandcompletelyineffective
(C)Ithasnotembracednewtechnologyrapidlyenough
(D)Itisgenerallyeffectivebutcanbeimproved(D)
(E)Itdiscouragespeoplefromseekingmedicalcare
8.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthelogicalstructureoftheselection?
(A)Thethirdparagraphisintendedasarefutationofthefirstandsecondparagraphs.
(B)Thesecondandthirdparagraphsexplainandputintoperspectivethepointsmadeinthefirstparagraph.
(C)Thesecondandthirdparagraphsexplainandputintoperspectivethepointsmadeinthefirstparagraph.
(D)Thefirstparagraphdescribesaproblem,andthesecondandthirdparagraphspresenttwohornsofadilemma.(C)
(E)Thefirstparagraphdescribesaproblem,theseconditscauses,andthethirdapossiblesolution.
9.Theauthor’sprimaryconcernisto
(A)criticizephysiciansandhealth-careadministratorsforinvestingintechnologicallyadvancedequipment
(B)examinesomeproblemsaffectingdeliveryofhealth-careservicesandassesstheirseverity
(C)defendthemedicalcommunityfromchargesthathealth-carehasnotimprovedsinceWorldWarII
(D)analyzethereasonsforthehealth-careindustry’sinabilitytoprovidequalitycaretoallsegmentsofthepopulation(B)
(E)describethepeculiareconomicfeaturesofthehealth-careindustrythatarethecausesofspiralingmedicalcosts
1.C
2.E
3.B
4.B
5.A
6.E
7.D
8.C
9.B
10.
Behaviorisoneoftwogeneralresponsesavailabletoendothermic(endothermic:
adj.吸热(性)的,[动]温血的)(warm-blooded)speciesfortheregulationofbodytemperature,theotherbeinginnate(reflexive)mechanismsofheatproductionandheatloss.Humanbeingsrelyprimarilyonthefirsttoprovideahospitablethermalmicroclimate(microclimate:
n.[气]小气候(指森林、城市、洞穴等局部地区的气候))forthemselves,inwhichthetransferofheatbetweenthebodyandtheenvironmentisaccomplishedwithminimalinvolvementofinnatemechanismsofheatproductionandloss.Thermoregulatory(thermoregulatory:
adj.体温调节的,保持(一定)体温的)behavioranticipateshyperthermia,andtheorganismadjustsitsbehaviortoavoidbecominghyperthermic:
itremoveslayersofclothing,itgoesforacoolswim,etc.Theorganismcanalsorespondtochangesinthetemperatureofthebodycore,asisthecaseduringexercise;butsuchresponsesresultfromthedirectstimulationofthermoreceptorsdistributedwidelywithinthecentralnervoussystem(centralnervoussystem:
n.中枢神经系统),andtheabilityofthesemechanismstohelptheorganismadjusttogrosschangesinitsenvironmentislimited.
Untilrecentlyitwasassumedthatorganismsrespondtomicrowaveradiationinthesamewaythattheyrespondtotemperaturechangescausedbyotherformsofradiation.Afterall,theargumentruns,microwavesareradiationandheatbodytissues.Thistheoryignoresthefactthatthestimulustoabehavioralresponseisnormallyatemperaturechangethatoccursatthesurfaceoftheorganism.Thethermoreceptorsthatpromptbehavioralchangesarelocatedwithinthefirstmillimeteroftheskin’ssurface,buttheenergyofamicrowavefield(microwavefield:
超高频场,微波场)maybeselectivelydepositedindeeptissues,effectivelybypassingthesethermoreceptors,particularlyifthefieldisatnear-resonantfrequencies.Theresultingtemperatureprofile(temperatureprofile:
温度曲线图,温度轮廓)maywellbeakindofreversethermalgradientinwhichthedeeptissuesarewarmedmorethanthoseofthesurface.Sincetheheatisnotconductedoutwardtothesurfacetostimulatetheappropriatereceptors,theorganismdoesnot“appreciate”thisstimulationinthesamewaythatit“appreciates”heatingandcoolingoftheskin.Intheory(intheory:
理论上),theinternalorgansofahumanbeingorananimalcouldbequiteliterallycookedwell-done(well-done:
adj.做得好的,完全煮熟的)beforetheanimalevenrealizesthatthebalanceofitsthermomicroclimatehasbeendisturbed.
Untilafewyearsago,microwaveirradiationsatequivalentplane-wavepowerdensitiesofabout100mW/cm2wereconsideredunequivocallytoproduce“thermal”effects;irradiationswithintherangeof10to100mW/cm2mightormightnotproduce“thermal”effects;whileeffectsobservedatpowerdensitiesbelow10mW/cm2wereassumedtobe“nonthermal”innature.Experimentshaveshownthistobeanoversimplification,andarecentreportsuggeststhatfieldsasweakas
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