On SinoJapan comparison of happiness.docx
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On SinoJapan comparison of happiness.docx
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OnSinoJapancomparisonofhappiness
OnSino-Japancomparisonofhappiness
date:
2016.3
name:
OnSino-Japancomparisonofhappiness
Background:
Withthegradualdevelopmentofeconomyandpeople’semphasisonlifequality,happinessbecomestherulingphilosophyofgovernmentandpeople’sgoaloflifepursuit.Happinessistheimportantindexforevaluatingwhetherpeoplearehappyornotandthehappinessdegree.Inwesternacademiccircle,well-being,happinessandlifesatisfactionbasicallyhavethesamemeaningsandallcanbetranslatedas“happiness”.Happinessgenerallyreferstopeople’ssubjectiveevaluationoncurrentlife’satisfactiondegree.Since1960s,internationalsocietyhasgraduallyincreasedtheirresearchonhappiness.Particularlyafterenteringinto21stcentury,happinesshasbecometheresearchfocusforsociology,psychology,economics,andpolitics.
Theinfluencingfactorsonhappinessgenerallycanbedividedintoindividualfactorandmiddlelevelormacrolevelsfactorssuchasfamily,communityorstate.Intermsofindividualfactor,itgenerallyconcentratesondiscussinghappiness’relationshipwithgender,age,marriage,occupation,educationalbackground,economicincome,healthstatus,religiousbelief.Forinstance,Wilson(1967)analyzestheindividualdifferenceonsubjectivehappinessindetails;Easterlin(1974,2001)makesresearchontherelationshipbetweensubjectivehappinessandeconomicincome.Intermsofmiddlelevelandmacrolevel,HalerandHadler(2006)usehierarchicallinearmodeltostudysocialeconomicstructure’sinfluenceuponindividualhappiness,thinkingunequaleconomicstatus,politicaldemocraticprogress,andsocialrelationshipintimatedegreeallwouldinfluenceindividualhappiness
ThispapermakescomparisonbetweenChina’shappinessandJapan’shappinessintwodifferentsystems,thusgettingthefactorsinfluencinghappinessindexandthehappierstateindifferentsystems.
China’shappiness:
Withthegradualcivilizationprogressofages,internationalsocialcorevaluehasbeenreturnedbacktoimplementpeople’slivelihoodandwelfarefromeconomicdevelopment.Happinessindexisbornfromthis.Earlierin1970s,SouthAsia KingdomofBhutanhasalreadyproposedthecalculationofgrossnationalhappinessindex.Thistriggeredtheattentionfromeconomistsacrosstheworldandtheystartedtostudytheoriesrelatinghappinessindex.Inrecentyears,countriesacrosstheworldhavebeendevotedtoconstructhappinessindexsystemandcalculatenationalhappinessindex.InBritain,the2002lifesatisfactiondocumentreleasedbygovernmentthoughtnationhadreasontointervenesoastoimprovenationalcitizens’satisfactiononlife.InAmerica,NobeleconomicslaureateProfessionalDanielKahnemaneditednationalhappinessindexwithotherexpertsin2006,makingitbecometheevaluationstandardforthenationaldevelopmentlevelwithGDP.China's National Bureau ofStatisticsalsoannouncedinSeptember12th2006thatitwouldlaunchsomenewstatisticscontentsonhappinessindexsoastoadapttoneedsonChina’seconomicandsocialcoordinationdevelopment.FromthebeginningGDPcalculation,tothegreenGDPdiscussion,tothereleaseofhumandevelopmentindexHDIandfinallytothetrialcalculationofhappinessindex,peoplehavegraduallyformedthepeople-orientedopinion.Frompurelyemphasizingeconomicgrowth,toemphasizingtherealdevelopmentofeconomy,toemphasizinghuman’sdevelopmentandfinallytoemphasizinghuman’shappinesslife,people’svalueviewhashadgreattransformation.
People’ssubjectivehappinessreferstoevaluator’sentireevaluationonlifequalityaccordingtotheself-definedstandard.Authormainlyselectsthreedimensionsofrespondents,namelypolitics,economyandculture,toanalyzelifequality’sinfluencingdegreeonChinesesubjectivehappiness.Althoughsubjectivehappinessisthesubjectiveevaluationonlifestatus,ithasfeaturesofstabilityandcomprehensivenessandistheoverallfeelingsontheeveryaspectofcurrentlife.Throughanalyzingsubjectivehappiness’correlationwithaspectsinlife,thispapertriestounderstandingChinesepsychologicalneedsoncurrentlife.Inotherwords,subjectivehappinessisareflectiononcurrentpeople’ssociallifestatus,andalsoispeople’spsychologicalreflectiononlifestatus,thereforeithasrelativelyhigherresearchvalue.
ThedataresourceofthispaperisfromtheChineseGeneralSocialSurvey(CGSS2006forshort)completedbyRenminUniversityofChinaSociologyDivisionandHongKongUniversityofScienceandTechnologySocialScienceDivision.Accordingto“thefifthnationalpopulationcensusmaterials”,thissurveydrewsamplesfromnational27provinces,autonomousregions,neighborhoodcommittees,residentsandcitizens,adoptedfourstagesunequalprobabilitysamplingmethodtodrawdistrict(county),street(town),neighborhoodcommittees,residentsandcitizens.Thispaperobtained10151efficientquestionnaires.ThispaperusedEviewssoftwaretomakestatisticsanalysisonthe10151samples.
VariablesandOperationalization
Independentvariablereferstotheselfchangewouldtriggerchangesonothervariables.Thispapertakesthreedimensionsoflifequalityasindependentvariables,thethreedimensionsarepolitics,economyandculture.
Dependentvariablereferstochangestriggeredbychangesonothervariables.Thispapertakestherespondents’subjectivehappinessasdependentvariable.
Operationalizationis“toreplacetheunattainedinternalfactsrelatingtosocialstructure,systemorprocess,andrelatingtopeoplebehavior,thoughtsandfeatureswiththeirexternalfactssoastostudytheformerthroughthelatter.”theindependentvariablesofthispaperrefertothethreedimensionsoflifequality-politicsdimension,economydimensionandculturedimension.Thethreedimensionsarerelativelyabstractvariablesandhardtobedirectlymeasured,therefore,authoroperationalizespoliticsasadministrativelevel,economyasfamilyannualincome,andcultureaseducationaldegree.DependentvariablehappynornothasbeeninvolvedintheCGSS2006questionnaire,therewerefivesuboptions:
extremelyunhappy,unhappy,general,happyandextremelyhappy,thereforeitisunnecessarytomakeoperationalization.
TheoreticalAssumption
Assumption1:
administrativelevelhascorrelationwithhappinessornot.Highertheadministrativelevelis,happierthelevelis.Assumption2:
familyannualincomehascorrelationwithhappinessornot.Highertheincomeis,happierthelevelis.Assumption3:
culturedegreehascorrelationwithhappinessornot.Highertheculturedegreeis,happierthelevelis.
(1)Politicaldimensionandhappiness
Politicaldimensionisrepresentedbythehigherorlowerof“administrativelevel”.Accordingtotheoriginaldataof“2006countrygeneralsocialsurvey,theresultshowstheadministrativelevel’sinfluenceonhappiness.Happyornotasdependentvariable,administrativelevelasindependentvariable,resultshowsthathappinessrelatestoadministrativelevel,butthecorrelationdegreeisnotbig.
(2)Economicdimensionandhappiness
Economicdimensionisrepresentedbythefigureof“familyannualincome”.Accordingtotheoriginaldataof“2006countrygeneralsocialsurvey,theresultshowsthefamilyannualincome’sinfluenceonhappiness.Happyornotasdependentvariable,familyannualincomeasindependentvariable,happinesshasrelativelybigcorrelationwithincome,highertheincomeis,strongerthehappinessis.
(A)theculturaldimensionandhappiness
Culturaldimensionsare"educated"torepresenttheheightof.Accordingtothe"2006nationalGeneralSocialSurvey"(CGSS2006),theoriginaldataastowhetherornotanyhappierasthedependentvariableandlevelofeducationastheindependentvariable,well-beingandeducationalattainmenthasacertainrelationship,buthaslittlerelevance.
Itappearsthatadministrativelevelsofsubjectivewell-being,theimpactofincomeandhighestlevelofeducation,hasacertainrelevance.Buttheimpactofincomeonhappinessisthebiggest.Thusitcanbeseen,inthequalityoflifeofcitizensinthepolitical,economicandculturaldimensionsofdemand,butforeconomicneedsaregreatest.IncomeincreaseisbeneficialtoChinesepeopleincreaseshappiness.
Japan'shappinessstudies
Relatednews:
""youhappy?
"Thinkisnostrangertothisclassicsurvey.Recently,theneighboringJapanalsoappearedinasimilarsurvey,buttheresultisasurprise.The2020OlympicGameshostcities,amongtheworld's10largestcitiestopJapancapitalTokyopeople'shappinessonlyinthe10th.JapanAkitapeoplemoredirectly,Qicalled"happynow".
AccordingtotheJapanStraightPress,December12,ina"matterofcourse,withinventions"purposes,JapanrecentlygavebirthtoaResearchInstituteinChina,named"Instituteforgranted."TheInstitutewouldJapanSociety"matterofcourse"astheobjectofstudyandrecentlyimplementedaftertheestablishmentofthefirstsurvey,titled"modernJapanesehappiness?
”
FirstsurveyfromtheInstituteofJapan10-60,2000menandwomenasanobjectimplementation,resultsshowedthatinJapanamongalltheprefectures,2013happinesshighestinShimanePrefecture,followedbyOitaPrefecture,isranked3rdinMiyagiPrefecture.WhiletheTokyoMetropolitanGovernmentisallthemoreunexpected,only10th.TheInstitutebelievesthat,judgingbytheresultsfromthesurvey,intheutmostabundanceofmaterialmetropolisanditspeople'shappiness"fences"hasbeenontherise.
Theotherhand,JapanAkitaPrefectureinthehappinessindexofthelowestinthesurvey,theansweris"nowveryhappy,"fa
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