江苏大学研究生英语课程讲义整理.docx
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江苏大学研究生英语课程讲义整理.docx
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江苏大学研究生英语课程讲义整理
Unit1GeneralDescriptionofLiteratureReadingandTranslation
1.DefinitionofLiterature
Literatureisageneraltermforprofessionalwritingsintheformofbooks,papers,andotherdocumentations.
2.ClassificationofLiterature
1)Textbooks(教科书):
Ingeneral,atextbookisakindofprofessionalwritingspeciallydesignedforthestudentsinagivenbranchoflearning.
2)Monographs(专著):
Amonographisanartideorshortbookononeparticularsubjectorbranchofasubjectthatthewriterhasstudieddeeply.
3)Papers(论文):
Acompletepaperisusuallycomposedofthefollowingelements:
title,author,affiliation,abstract,keywords,introduction,theoreticalanalysisand/orexperimentaldescription,resultsanddiscussionorconclusion,acknowledgments,references,etc.
4)Encyclopedias(百科全书):
Anencyclopediaisabookorsetofbooksdealingwitheverybranchofknowledge,orwithoneparticularbranch,inalphabeticalorder.
5)Periodicals(期刊):
Aperiodicalisaseriesofpublicationsthatappearatregularintervals.
6)SpecialDocumentation(特别文件):
Specialdocumentationreferstoalltheprintedmaterialsthatarenon-booksornon-periodicals.
3.LinguisticFeaturesofScientificLiterature
1)Stylistically(在文体上),literatureisakindofformalwriting.
2)Syntactically(在语句构成上),scientificliteraturehasrigorousgrammaticalstructures,andinmostcasesisratherunitary.
3)Morphologically(在词法上),scientificliteratureisfeaturedbyhighspecialization,theuseoftechnicaltermsandjargons,unambiguousimplicationandthefixedsenseoftheword.
4)Besides,non-verballanguageisalsoverypopularinvariousliteraturessuchassigns,formulas,charts,tables,photos,etc.
4.Discussion
1.Whatisyouropinionontheimportanceoftranslation?
Canyoucitesomeexamplestosupportyouridea?
Asameansofcommunication,translationplaysanimportantroleinhumancivilization.forexample,intheWest,literarytranslationcanbetracedbackto300BC;whileinChina,recordedtranslationactivitiesareevenearlier,datingfromZhouDynasty(1100BC).
Amodernsocietyseesanextensiveuseoftranslationonvariousoccasions.Properanddexteroustranslationhelpspromotemutualunderstandingbetweenpeoplesofdifferentculturalandsocialbackgrounds.Forexample,theordinaryword“menu”.Itsoriginalmeaningis“alistofdishesinamealortobeorderedasseparatedmeals.However,whenitisusedincomputerscience,itsmeaningshiftsto“alistshownonthedisplayofacomputerfromwhichausercanselecttheoperationthecomputeristoperform.”
2.Whatistranslation?
Doyouagreewiththeauthor’spointofview?
Whyorwhynot?
Iftheword“translation”referstoasubject,itisascience.Ifitreferstosomespecificpiecesoftranslation,itismorelikeanart.Ifitreferstoaprocess,wemayregarditasacraftorskill.
Yes,becausetheanswerdependsonhowweunderstandorinterprettheword“translation”.
3.Howistranslationgenerallycategorized?
Whichcategoriesareyoufamiliarwith?
Intermsoflanguages,translationcanbedividedintotwocategories:
fromnativelanguagesintoforeignlanguagesandviceversa.
Intermsofthemode,itcanbedividedintooralinterpretationandwrittentranslation.
Intermsofmaterialstobetranslated,therearetranslationofscientificmaterials,translationofliteraryworks,etc..
Intermsofdisposal,itcanbeeitherfull-texttranslation,abridgedtranslationoradaptedtranslation.
4.HowdoyouunderstandMr.Yan’sthree-wordguidexin,da,ya?
What’syouropinionontheprinciplesorcriteriaoftranslation?
Xin,da,yanamely,“faithfulness(信),expressiveness(达),andelegance(雅)”.Theprinciplesandcriteriaoftranslationareactuallythetwosidesofthesamecoin.Onthepartofthetranslator,heorsheshouldfollowthemwhiletranslating;whereasonthepartofthereaderorcritic,heorshemayusetheprinciplesandcriteriatoevaluatetranslationworks.
Accuracy(准确)andsmoothness(流畅).
5.Whatareliteraltranslation(直译)andfreetranslation(意译)?
Andwhatprinciplesshouldatranslatorabidebyinapplyingthem?
Literaltranslationmeansnottoaltertheoriginalwordsandsentences.
Freetranslationisanalternativeapproachwhichisusedmainlytoconveythemeaningandspiritoftheoriginalwithouttryingtoreproduceitssentencepatternsorfiguresofspeech.
Intheapplicationofliteraltranslation,weshouldendeavortoridourselvesofstiffpatternsandrigidadherencetotranslationrules,tryingtobeflexible;whileinthepracticeoffreetranslation,weshouldbecautiousofsubjectivity,avoidinggroundlessaffirmationorarbitraryfabrication.
6.Whatdoyouknowabouttranslationtechniquesingeneral?
Andscientificliteraturetranslationinparticular?
Generallyspeaking,thebasictranslationtechniquesinclude:
(1)Diction(选词用字);
(2)Amplification(增益);(3)Omission(省略);(4)Repetition(重复);(5)Conversion(转换);(6)Rearrangement(词译调整);(7)Negation(正说反译,反说正译);(8)Division(长句拆译).
Scientificmaterialsstresstheirpreciseness.
Unit2ProfessionalPapers
1.Definitionofprofessionalpapers
Aprofessionalpaperisatypewrittenpaperinwhichprofessionalspresenttheirviewsandresearchfindingsonachosentopic.
2.Classificationofprofessionalpapers
1)ReportPaper:
Thereportpapersummarizesandreportsthefindingsofanotheronaparticularsubject.
2)Researchpaper:
Aresearchpapercanbeintelligent,wellinformed,interesting,andoriginalinitsconclusions.
3)CoursePaper:
Coursepapersarewrittenafteraspecificcourseislearnedoraredesignedattheendofaterm,alsocalled“termpaper”.
4)ThesisPaper:
Unlikereportpapers,thethesispapertakesadefinitestandonanissue.Athesisisapropositionorpointofviewthatawriterorspeakeriswillingtoargueagainstordefend.
3.LinguisticFeaturesofProfessionalPapers
1)FormalStyle(正式性):
Aprofessionalpaperdealswiththestudyofsomeobjectivefactsorproblems,andtheconclusionthatisdrawnshouldbebasedonrelevantdata,notonpersonallikesanddislikes.Generallyspeaking,formalwritingsetsanunusuallyhighvalueonobjectivity,meticulousness,accuracy,andrestraint.
2)SpecializedTerms(专业性):
Thetermsinprofessionalpapersaretypicallyspecialized.
3)RigidSentenceStructure(严谨的句式结构):
Theargumentsinprofessionalpaperswillbeconciselyandconcretely.
4)FormattedElements(固定的内容格式):
Acompleteprofessionalpaperusuallyhasaregularformatcomposedofthefollowingelements:
thetitle,author(s),affiliation(s),abstract,keywords,introduction,bodyofthepaper(theoreticaldescriptionincludingcalculation,inference,reasoning,conclusion,etc.orexperimentaldescriptionincludingtechniques,methods,materials,resultsandanalysis,etc.),acknowledgments,appendices,referencesorbibliography,etc.
4.Discussion
1.Howisaprofessionalpaperdefined?
Whatisyourunderstandingofaprofessionalpaper?
Aprofessionalpaperisatypewrittenpaperinwhichprofessionalspresenttheirviewsandresearchfindingsonachosentopic.
Thetaskoftheauthorofapaperistoreadonaparticulartopic,gatherinformationaboutit,andreportthefindingsinit.Aprofessionalpapermustconformtoaspecialformat.Aprofessionalpaperinvolvestheuseoflibrarysourcesfromwhichfacts,quotations,andtheopinionsofothersaredrawntoexplain,support,orauthenticateideasinthepaper.
2.Howarepapersclassified?
Whatarethesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetween/amongthem?
ReportPaper,ResearchPaper,CoursePaper,ThesisPaper.
3.Whatarethelinguisticfeaturesofprofessionalpapers?
FormalStyle,SpecializedTerms,RigidSentenceStructure,FormattedElements.
4.Wherecanyousearchfordifferentkindsofpapersfromvarioussources?
Journals(期刊)/Acta(学报)/Bulletins,CircularsorGazettes(公告,通告)/RapidCommunications/Reviews/Proceedings/DissertationAbstractInternational/ComprehensiveDissertationIndex(CDI)(综合报告索引)/OnlineAccesstoDissertation.
5.Diction
story
(1)Thiswarisbecomingthemostimportantstoryofthisgeneration.
(event)这场战争将成为这一代人经历的最重大的事件。
(2)Itisquiteanotherstorynow.
(situation)现在的情况完全不同了。
(3)Somereporterswhowerenotincludedinthesessionbrokethestory.
(insideinformation)有些没让参加那次会议的记者把内情捅出去了。
(4)He'llbeveryhappyifthatstoryholdsup.
(statement)如果这一说法当真,那他就太高兴了。
(5)TheRitaHaywothstoryisoneofthesaddest.
(experience)丽泰·海华丝的遭遇算是最惨的了。
(6)AyoungmancametoScotti'sofficewithastory.
(lawcase)一个年轻人来到斯科特的办公室报案。
书
(1)申请书LetterofApplication
(2)报告书Report
(3)协议书Agreement
(4)成绩通知书GradeReport
(5)(使用)说明书Directions
(6)旅行委托书BookingForm
(7)成交确认书SalesConfirmation
(8)电视机使用说明书TelevisionOperationGuide
(9)白皮书WhiteBook
(10)家书LetterfromHome
develop
(1)Hisplanedevelopedenginetroubleonlysevenmilesaftertakeoff.(发动机)
(2)Modemaircraftaresoheavythatthewingsmustdevelopaverylargeliftforceinordertosustaintheaircraft.(产生)
(3)Inspiredbytheseideas,in1752Franklindevelopedapracticallightningrod.(发明)
(4)Ahypothesisisaspecificstatementdevelopedbyascientistfromobservations.(提出)
(5)Untilthedomaintheoryofmagnetismwasdeveloped,theydidnothavemuchsuccess.(丰富)
(6)Todevelopthecapabilitiesofgeophysicalprospecting,therenewalofthetechniquesandequipmentisthefirstthingtobeconsidered.(提高)
(7)Mostofthemoneycamefromsellingthesecretofanewtypeofpotatohehaddeveloped.(培育新品种)
(8)AsyoungGoddardgrewintomanhood,hedevelopedtuberculosis.(患上结核病)
(9)Wemustdevelopallthenaturalsubstancesinourcountrywhichcanmakeusrich.(开发资源)
(10)Severalattemptshavebeenmadethroughthe
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