英语词汇学复习要点不过就难啊.docx
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英语词汇学复习要点不过就难啊.docx
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英语词汇学复习要点不过就难啊
1.Motivation分类:
onomatopoeicmotivation拟声理据,morphologicalmotivation形态理据,semanticmotivation语义理据,etymologicalmotivation词源理据.
2.Typesofmeaning:
grammatical~&lexical~;conceptual~&associative~(connotative~,stylistic~,affective~,collocative~,)
Associativemeaning:
1)associativemeaningisthesecondarymeaningsupplementedtotheconceptualmeaning.2)Itdiffersfromtheconceptualmeaninginthatitisopen-endedandindeterminated.3)Itisliabletotheinfluenceofsuchfactorsasculture,experience,religion,geographicalregion,classbackground,education,etc.4)Associativemeaningcomprisesfourtypes:
connotative,stylistic,affective,andcollocative.
3.Polysemyisacommonfeaturepeculiartoallnaturallanguagethatonewordhastwoormoresensesormeanings.Diachronicapproachisanapproachtopolysemywhichstudieshowawordderiveditsdifferentmeaningsfromitsprimarymeaninginthecourseoftime.
4.同形同音异义关系Homonymyisoneofthefeaturesofwordsthatawordisdifferentinmeaningfromanother,buteitheridenticalbothinsoundandspellingoridenticalonlyinsoundorspellingwiththeotherHomonymsgenerallyfallintothreeclasses:
perfecthomonyms(samename);homographs(samespelling)andhomophones(somesound).Perfecthomonymsarethosewordsidenticalbothinsoundandspelling,butdifferentinmeaning,e.g.bear/bea/(n)alargeheavyanimal;bear/bea/(v)toputupwith.Homographsarethewordsidenticalonlyinspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaning,e.g.saw//(v)toscatterseeds;sow/sau/(n)femaleadultpig.Homophonesrefertothewordsidenticalonlyinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaning,e.g.dear/dia/(n)alovedperson;deer/dia/(n)akindofanimal.
5.同形同音异义词与多义词的区别
Perfecthomonymsandpolysemantsarefullyidenticalwithregardtospellingandpronunciation.Thiscreatestheproblemofdifferentiation.Thefundamentaldifferencebetweenhomonymsandpolysemantsliesinthefactthattheformerreferstodifferentwordswhichhappentosharethesameformandthelatteristheoneandsamewordwhichhasseveraldistinguishablemeanings.Oneimportantcriterionistoseetheiretymology,i.e.homonymsarefromdifferentsourceswhereasapolysemantisfromthesamesourcewhichhasacquireddifferentmeaningsinthecourseofdevelopment.Thesecondprincipalconsiderationissemanticrelatedness.Thevariousmeaningsofapolysemantarecorrelatedandconnectedtoonecentralmeaningtoagreaterorlesserdegree,e.g.neck(See6.1Polysemy).Ontheotherhand,meaningsofdifferenthomonymshavenothingtodowithoneanother.Indictionaries,apolysemanthasitsmeaningsalllistedunderoneheadwordwhereashomonymsarelistedasseparateentries.
6.同义关系
Synonymsarewordswhichsharethesameornearlythesamemeaningwitheachotherbutdifferentinsoundandspelling.Thereareabsolutesynonymsandrelativesynonymswhichresultfromborrowing,dialectsandregionalEnglish,figurativeandeuphemisticuseofwords,coincidencewithidiomaticexpressions.Thereexiststhedifferencebetweenoramongsynonymsintermsoftheirdenotation,connotationorapplication.Absolutesynonymsorcompletesynonymsarewordswhichareidenticalinmeaninginallitsaspects.Relativesynonymsornear-synonymsaresimilarornearlythesameindenotation,butembracedifferentshadesofmeaningordifferentdegreesofagivenquality.
SourcesofSynonyms
1)Borrowing2)DialectsandregionalEnglish3)Figurativeandeuphemisticuseofwords4)Coincidencewithidiomaticexpressions
如何区分同义词?
1Differenceindenotation2Differenceinconnotation3Differenceinapplication
7.Whatarethecharacteristicsofantonyms?
1)Antonymsareclassifiedonthebasisofsemanticopposition2)Awordwhichhasmorethanonemeaningcanhavemorethanoneantonym.3)Antonymsdifferinsemanticinclusion.4)Contrarytermsaregradableantonyms,differingindegreeofintenisty,soeachhasitsowncorrespondingopposite.
8.上下义关系:
Hyponymydealswiththerelationshipofsemanticinclusion.Thatis,themeaningofamorespecificwordisincludedinthatofanothermoregeneralword.Superordinatesrefertosomegeneralwords;subordinatesdenotethosemorespecificwords.Hyponymycanbedescribedintermsoftree-likegraphs,withhigher-ordersuperordinatesabovethelowersubordinates.Buttheirstatuseitherassuperordinateorsubordinateisrelativetootherterms.Forexample,horse,dog,pigaresubordinatesinrelationtoanimal,butsuperordinatesofmare,houndandboar,Animalitselfbecomesasubordinateofcreature.Andcreatureinturnbecomes
9.词义变化的种类Therearefivetypesofmeaning,changes:
extension,narrowing,degradation,elevation,andtransferamongwhichextensionandnarrowingarethemostcommon.Changesinmeaningcanbeaccountedforfromextra-linguisticfactors(historicalreason,classreason,andpsychologicalreason)andintra-linguisticfactors(shortening,theinfluxofborrowing,andanalogy).
10.词义的扩大Extensionisaprocessbywhichawordwithaspecializedsenseisgeneralizedtocoverabroaderorless
词义的缩小Narrowingisaprocessbywhichawordofwidermeaningacquiresaspecializedsense;词义的升格Elevationisaprocessbywhichawordmovesfromaderogatoryorneutralsensetoaneutraland/orappreciativesense;
词义的降格Degradationisaprocessbywhichawordofreputationslidesintoapejorativeuse,;
11.词义的转移Transferisaprocessbywhichaworddenotingonethingchangestorefertoadifferentbutrelatedthing.Paperservesasanexample.ThiswordformerlydenotedanAfricanplantpapyrus,whichwasonceusedtomakepaper.Inmoderntimes,paperismadefromrags,wood,strawandthelike,buttheproducthasretainedthesamename.Thereisassociatedtransfer.Thereareotherkindsoftransfer,suchas,concretetoabstract,abstracttoconcreteandtransferofsensation.
12.语境的种类:
非语言语境。
语言语境:
词汇语境和语法语境。
Therearetwotypesofcontexts:
linguisticcontextandextra-linguistic(ornon-linguisticcontext).Extra-linguisticcontextreferstothosesituationsandfeatureswhicharenotdirectlyapartofthelanguageinusebutwhicheithercontributeinconveyingamessageorhaveaninfluenceonlanguageuse.LinguisticorIntra-linguisticcontextisfurthersubdividedintolexicalcontextandgrammaticalcontext.Bylexicalcontextwemeanthewordsthatoccurtogetherwiththewordinquestion.Bygrammaticalcontextwemeanthatthemeaningsofawordmaybeinfluencedbythestructureinwhichitoccurs.
13.语境的作用:
Threemajorfunctionsofcontext:
eliminationofambiguity,indicationofreferents,provisionofcluesforinferringword-meaning.Contextanbesummedupasfollows:
1)definition2)explanation3)example4)synonymy5)Antonymy6)hyponymy7)relevantdetails8)wordstructure
14.英语习语的特点Thecharacteristicsofidiomsincludesemanticunityandstructuralstability.
英语习语的分类Accordingtothecriterionoftheirgrammaticalfunctions,weclassifythemintoidiomsnominalinnature,idiomsadjectivalinnature,idiomsverbalinnature,idiomsadverbialinnature,andsentenceidioms.Thestylisticfeaturesarecharacterizedwithcolloquialisms,slang,andliteraryexpressions.
英语习语的使用Theuseofidiomsinvolvestheirstylisticfeatures,rhetoricalfeatures,andvariationsofidioms.
英语习语的修辞色彩Therhetoricalfeaturesofidiomsarerepresentedwithphoneticmanipulation(alliteration头韵法andrhyme叠韵),lexicalmanipulation(reiteration复用,repetition重复andjuxtaposition反义词叠用),figuresofspeech(simile明喻,metaphor暗喻,metonymy转喻,synecdoche借代,personification拟人,euphemism委婉)
15.Metonymy和Synecdoche,修饰有何区别?
Bothmetonymyandsynecdocheinvolvesubstitutionofnames,yettheydifferinthattheformerisacaseofusingthenameofonethingforanothercloselyassociatedwithitandthelatteristhatofsubstitutingpartforthewholeandviceversa.
2.串讲内容
第一章
1.Lexicology这门课算哪一种学科的分支:
Lexicologyisabranchoflinguistics,inquiringintotheoriginsandmeaningsofwords.
2.Lexicology和那些重要的学科建立了联系:
1)Morphology2)Semantics3)Stylistics4)Etymology5)Lexicography
3.研究lexicology的两大方法:
1)Diachronicapproach:
历时语言学2)Synchronicapproach:
共时语言学e.g.wife纵观历时语言学的方法论,woman词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式?
Woman的词义的变化算Narrowingorspecialization
4.Whatisword?
词具有哪些特点?
词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。
1)Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguage;2)Asoundunityoragivensound;3)aunitofmeaning;4)aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence.以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释
5.词的分类(classificationofaword)词根据发音可以分为哪两种词?
或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词
1)simplewords2)complexwords单音节词例子:
e.g.Manandfinearesimple多音节词例子:
e.g.Management,misfortune,blackmailmanagement可以次划分为manage和–mentmisfortune可以次划分为mis-和fortuneblackmail次划分为black和mail
6.Whatistherelationshipbetweensoundandmeaning?
1)Thereis‘nologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundandactualthing.e.g.dog.Cat
2)Therelationshipbetweenthemisconventional.
3)Indifferentlanguagesthesameconceptcanberepresentedbydifferentsounds.
7.Whatisrelationshipbetweensoundandform?
1)Thewrittenformofanaturallanguageisthewrittenrecordoftheoralform.Naturallythewrittenformshouldagreewiththeoralform,suchasEnglishlanguage.
2)ThisisfairlytrueofEnglishinitsearlieststagei.e.OldEnglish
3)Withthedevelopmentofthelanguage,moreandmoredifferencesoccurbetweenthetwo.
8.Whatarethegreatchangesthatcausesillogicalrelationshiporirregularitybetweensoundandform?
1)TheinternalreasonforthisisthattheEnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomans,whichdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachsoundinthelanguagesothatsomelettersmustdodoubledutyorworktogetherincombina
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