语言学试题与答案.docx
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语言学试题与答案.docx
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语言学试题与答案
I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse.
1. DialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundindifferentregionaldialectssuchasBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbutcannotbefoundwithinthevarietyitself,forexample,withinBritishEnglishorAmericanEnglish.
2. Senseisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience,whilethereferencedealswiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.
3. Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations.
4. Insemantics,meaningoflanguageisconsideredastheintrinsicandinherentrelationtothephysicalworldofexperience.
5. Contextualismisbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts.
6. Behavioristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer.
7. Themeaningofasentenceisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents.
8. Mostlanguageshavesetsoflexicalitemssimilarinmeaningbutrankeddifferentlyaccordingtotheirdegreeofformality.
9. “itishot.”isano-placepredicationbecauseitcontainsnoargument.
10. Ingrammaticalanalysis,thesentenceistakentobethebasicunit,butinsemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitispredication,whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.
II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven.
11. S________canbedefinedasthestudyofmeaning.
12. Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnod______linkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto.
13. R______meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.
14. Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalleds________.
15. Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,butdifferentinspellingandmeaning,theyarecalledh__________.
16. R_________oppositesarepairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitems.
17. C____analysisisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedividedintomeaningcomponents.
18. Whetherasentenceissemanticallymeaningfulisgovernedbyrulescalleds________restrictions,whichareconstraintsonwhatlexicalitemscangowithwhatothers.
19. Ana________isalogicalparticipantinapredication,largelyidenticalwiththenominalelement(s)inasentence.
20. Accordingtothen____theoryofmeaning,thewordsinalanguagearetakentobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor.
III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.
21.Thenamingtheoryisadvancedby________.
A.Plato
B.Bloomfield
C.GeoffreyLeech
D.Firth
22.“Weshallknowawordbythecompanyitkeeps.”Thisstatementrepresents_______.
A.theconceptualistview
B.contexutalism
C.thenamingtheory
D.behaviorism
23.Whichofthefollowingisnottrue?
A. Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.
B. Senseisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform.
C. Senseisabstractandde-contextualized.
D. Senseistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersarenotinterestedin.
24.“CanIborrowyourbike?
”_______“Youhaveabike.”
A.issynonymouswith
B.isinconsistentwith
C.entails
D.presupposes
25.___________isawayinwhichthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.
A.Predicationanalysis
B.Componentialanalysis
C.Phonemicanalysis
D.Grammaticalanalysis
26.“alive”and“dead”are______________.
A.gradableantonyms
B.relationalopposites
C.complementaryantonyms
D.Noneoftheabove
27._________dealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.
A.Reference
B.Concept
C.Semantics
D.Sense
28.___________referstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform.
A.Polysemy
B.Synonymy
C.Homonymy
D.Hyponymy
29.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled______________.
A.homonyms
B.polysemy
C.hyponyms
D.synonyms
30. Thegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedby_______.
A.grammaticalrules
B.selectionalrestrictions
C.semanticrules
D.semanticfeatures
IV.Definethefollowingterms.
31. semantics
32. sense
33. reference
34. synonymy
35. polysemy
36. homonymy
37. homophones
38. Homographs
39. completehomonyms
40. hyponymy
41. antonymy
42. componentialanalysis
43. grammaticalmeaning
44. predication
45. Argument
46. predicate
47. Two-placepredication
V.Answerthefollowingquestions.
48. Whydowesaythatameaningofasentenceisnotthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents?
49. Whatiscomponentialanalysis?
Illustrateitwithexamples.
50. Howdoyoudistinguishbetweenentailmentandpresuppositionintermsoftruthvalues?
51. Howdoyouaccountforsuchsenserelationsbetweensentencesassynonymousrelation,inconsistentrelationintermsoftruthvalues?
52. Accordingtothewaysynonymsdiffer,howmanygroupscanweclassifysynonymsinto?
Illustratethemwithexamples.
53. Whatarethemajorviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning?
Howtheydiffer?
SuggestedAnswers
I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse.
l.F
2.F
3.T
4.F
5.T
6.T
7.F
8.T
9.T
10.T
II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven.
11. Semantics
12. direct
13. Reference
14. synonyms
15. homophones
16. Relational
17. Componential
18. selectional
19. argument
20. naming
III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.
2l.A
22.B
23.D
24.D
25.B
26.C
27.A
28.C
29.D
30.A
IV.Definethefollowingterms.
31.Semantics:
Semanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.
32.Sense:
Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;itisabstractandde-contextualized.
33.Reference:
Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience
34.Synonymy:
Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.
35.Polysemy:
Polysemyreferstothefactthatthesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.
36.Homonymy:
Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,i.e.differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.
37.Homophones:
Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,theyarecalledhomophones.
38.Homographs:
Whentwowordsareidenticalinspelling,theyarehomographs.
39.Completehomonyms:
Whentwowordsareidenticalinbothsoundandspelling,theyarecalledcompletehomonyms.
40.Hyponymy:
Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.
41.Antonymy:
Antonymyreferstotherelationofoppositenessofmeaning.
42.Componentialanalysis:
Componentialanalysisisawaytoanalyzewordmeaning.Itwasproposedbystructuralsemanticists.Theapproachisbasedonthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedividedintomeaningcomponents,whicharecalledsemanticfeatures.
43.Thegrammaticalmeaning:
Thegrammaticalmeaningofasentencereferstoitsgrammaticality,i.e.itsgrammaticalwell-formedness.Thegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedbythegrammaticalrulesofthelanguage.
44.Predication:
Thepredicationistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.
45.Argument:
Anargumentisalogicalparticipantinapredication.Itisgenerallyidenticalwiththenominalelement(s)inasentence.
46.Predicate:
Apredicateissomethingthatissaidaboutanargumentoritstatesthelogicalrelationlinkingtheargumentsinasentence.
47.Two-placepredication:
Atwo-placepredicationisonewhichcontainstwoarguments.
V.Answerthefollowingquestions.
48. Whydowesaythatameaningofasentenceisnotthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents?
Themeaningofasentenceisnotthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponentsbecauseitcannotbeworkedoutbyaddingupallthemeaningsofitsconstituentwords.Forexample:
(A)Thedogbittheman.
(B)Themanbitthedog.
Ifthemeaningofasentencewerethesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents,thentheabovetwosentenceswouldhavethesamemeaning.Infacttheyaredifferentinmeanings.
Asweknow,therearetwoaspectstosentencemeaning:
grammaticalmeaningandsemanticmeaning.Thegrammaticalmeaningsof“thedog”and“theman”in(A)aredifferentfromthegrammaticalmeaningsof“thedog”and“theman”in(B).Themeaningofasentenceistheproductofbothlexicalandgrammaticalmeaning.Itistheproductofthemeaningoftheconstituentwordsandofthegrammaticalconstructionsthatrelateonewordsyntagmaticallytoanother.
49. Whatiscomponentialanalysis?
Illustrateitwithexamples.
Componentialanalysis,proposedbystructuralsemanticists,is
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