计算机网络外文翻译.docx
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计算机网络外文翻译.docx
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计算机网络外文翻译
附录
一、英文原文:
TheNetWorks
BirthoftheNet
TheInternethashadarelativelybrief,butexplosivehistorysofar.Itgrewoutofanexperimentbeguninthe1960'sbytheU.S.DepartmentofDefense.TheDoDwantedtocreateacomputernetworkthatwouldcontinuetofunctionintheeventofadisaster,suchasanuclearwar.Ifpartofthenetworkweredamagedordestroyed,therestofthesystemstillhadtowork.ThatnetworkwasARPANET,whichlinkedU.S.scientificandacademicresearchers.Itwastheforerunneroftoday'sInternet.
In1985,theNationalScienceFoundation(NSF)createdNSFNET,aseriesofnetworksforresearchandeducationcommunication.BasedonARPANETprotocols,theNSFNETcreatedanationalbackboneservice,providedfreetoanyU.S.researchandeducationalinstitution.Atthesametime,regionalnetworkswerecreatedtolinkindividualinstitutionswiththenationalbackboneservice.
NSFNETgrewrapidlyaspeoplediscovereditspotential,andasnewsoftwareapplicationswerecreatedtomakeaccesseasier.CorporationssuchasSprintandMCIbegantobuildtheirownnetworks,whichtheylinkedtoNSFNET.AscommercialfirmsandotherregionalnetworkprovidershavetakenovertheoperationofthemajorInternetarteries,NSFhaswithdrawnfromthebackbonebusiness.
NSFalsocoordinatedaservicecalledInterNIC,whichregisteredalladdressesontheInternetsothatdatacouldberoutedtotherightsystem.ThisservicehasnowbeentakenoverbyNetworkSolutions,Inc.,incooperationwithNSF.
HowtheWebWorks
TheWorldWideWeb,thegraphicalportionoftheInternet,isthemostpopularpartoftheInternetbyfar.OnceyouspendtimeontheWeb,youwillbegintofeellikethereisnolimittowhatyoucandiscover.TheWeballowsrichanddiversecommunicationbydisplayingtext,graphics,animation,photos,soundandvideo.
Sojustwhatisthismiraculouscreation?
TheWebphysicallyconsistsofyourpersonalcomputer,webbrowsersoftware,aconnectiontoanInternetserviceprovider,computerscalledserversthathostdigitaldataandroutersandswitchestodirecttheflowofinformation.
TheWebisknownasaclient-serversystem.Yourcomputeristheclient;theremotecomputersthatstoreelectronicfilesaretheservers.Here'showitworks:
Let'ssayyouwanttopayavisittothetheLouvremuseumwebsite.FirstyouentertheaddressorURLofthewebsiteinyourwebbrowser(moreaboutthisshortly).ThenyourbrowserrequeststhewebpagefromthewebserverthathoststheLouvre'ssite.TheLouvre'sserversendsthedataovertheInternettoyourcomputer.Yourwebbrowserinterpretsthedata,displayingitonyourcomputerscreen.
TheLouvre'swebsitealsohaslinkstothesitesofothermuseums,suchastheVaticanMuseum.Whenyouclickyourmouseonalink,youaccessthewebserverfortheVaticanMuseum.
The"glue"thatholdstheWebtogetheriscalledhypertextandhyperlinks.ThisfeatureallowelectronicfilesontheWebtobelinkedsoyoucaneasilyjumpbetweenthem.OntheWeb,younavigatethroughpagesofinformationbasedonwhatinterestsyouatthatparticularmoment,commonlyknownasbrowsingorsurfingtheNet.
ToaccesstheWebyouneedwebbrowsersoftware,suchasNetscapeNavigatororMicrosoftInternetExplorer.HowdoesyourwebbrowserdistinguishbetweenwebpagesandotherfilesontheInternet?
WebpagesarewritteninacomputerlanguagecalledHypertextMarkupLanguageorHTML.
SomeWebHistory
TheWorldWideWeb(WWW)wasoriginallydevelopedin1990atCERN,theEuropeanLaboratoryforParticlePhysics.ItisnowmanagedbyTheWorldWideWebConsortium,alsoknownastheWorldWideWebInitiative.
TheWWWConsortiumisfundedbyalargenumberofcorporatemembers,includingAT&T,AdobeSystems,Inc.,MicrosoftCorporationandSunMicrosystems,Inc.ItspurposeistopromotethegrowthoftheWebbydevelopingtechnicalspecificationsandreferencesoftwarethatwillbefreelyavailabletoeveryone.TheConsortiumisrunbyMITwithINRIA(TheFrenchNationalInstituteforResearchinComputerScience)actingasEuropeanhost,incollaborationwithCERN.
TheNationalCenterforSupercomputingApplications(NCSA)attheUniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign,wasinstrumentalinthedevelopmentofearlygraphicalsoftwareutilizingtheWorldWideWebfeaturescreatedbyCERN.NCSAfocusesonimprovingtheproductivityofresearchersbyprovidingsoftwareforscientificmodeling,analysis,andvisualization.TheWorldWideWebwasanobviouswaytofulfillthatmission.NCSAMosaic,oneoftheearliestwebbrowsers,wasdistributedfreetothepublic.ItleddirectlytothephenomenalgrowthoftheWorldWideWeb.
UnderstandingWebAddresses
YoucanthinkoftheWorldWideWebasanetworkofelectronicfilesstoredoncomputersallaroundtheworld.Hypertextlinkstheseresourcestogether.UniformResourceLocatorsorURLsaretheaddressesusedtolocatethesefiles.TheinformationcontainedinaURLgivesyoutheabilitytojumpfromonewebpagetoanotherwithjustaclickofyourmouse.WhenyoutypeaURLintoyourbrowserorclickonahypertextlink,yourbrowserissendingarequesttoaremotecomputertodownloadafile.
WhatdoesatypicalURLlooklike?
Herearesomeexamples:
Thehomepageforstudyenglish.
ftp:
//rtfm.mit.edu/pub/
AdirectoryoffilesatMIT*availablefordownloading.
news:
rec.gardens.roses
Anewsgrouponrosegardening.
ThefirstpartofaURL(beforethetwoslashes*tellsyouthetypeofresourceormethodofaccessatthataddress.Forexample:
·http-ahypertextdocumentordirectory
·gopher-agopherdocumentormenu
·ftp-afileavailablefordownloadingoradirectoryofsuchfiles
·news-anewsgroup
·telnet-acomputersystemthatyoucanlogintoovertheInternet
·WAIS*-adatabaseordocumentinaWideAreaInformationSearchdatabase
·file-afilelocatedonalocaldrive(yourharddrive)
Thesecondpartistypicallytheaddressofthecomputerwherethedataorserviceislocated.Additionalpartsmayspecifythenamesoffiles,theporttoconnectto,orthetexttosearchforinadatabase.
YoucanentertheURLofasitebytypingitintotheLocationbarofyourwebbrowser,justunderthetoolbar.
MostbrowsersrecordURLsthatyouwanttouseagain,byaddingthemtoaspecialmenu.InNetscapeNavigator,it'scalledBookmarks.InMicrosoftExplorer,it'scalledFavorites.OnceyouaddaURLtoyourlist,youcanreturntothatwebpagesimplybyclickingonthenameinyourlist,insteadofretypingtheentireURL.
MostoftheURLsyouwillbeusingstartwithhttpwhichstandsforHypertextTransferProtocol*.httpisthemethodbywhichHTMLfilesaretransferredovertheWeb.HerearesomeotherimportantthingstoknowaboutURLs:
·AURLusuallyhasnospaces.
·AURLalwaysusesforwardslashes(//).
IfyouenteraURLincorrectly,yourbrowserwillnotbeabletolocatethesiteorresourceyouwant.Shouldyougetanerrormessageorthewrongsite,makesureyoutypedtheaddresscorrectly.
YoucanfindtheURLbehindanylinkbypassingyourmousecursoroverthelink.ThepointerwillturnintoahandandtheURLwillappearinthebrowser'sstatusbar,usuallylocatedatthebottomofyourscreen.
DomainNames
WhenyouthinkoftheInternet,youprobablythinkof".com."JustwhatdothosethreelettersattheendofaWorldWideWebaddressmean?
EverycomputerthathostsdataontheInternethasauniquenumericaladdress.Forexample,thenumericaladdressfortheWhiteHouseis198.137.240.100.Butsincefewpeoplewanttorememberlongstringsofnumbers,theDomainNameSystem(DNS)*wasdeveloped.DNS,acriticalpartoftheInternet'stechnicalinfrastructure*,correlates*anumericaladdresstoaword.ToaccesstheWhiteHousewebsite,youcouldtypeitsnumberintotheaddressboxofyourwebbrowser.Butmostpeopleprefertouse"www.whitehouse.gov."Inthiscase,thedomainnameiswhitehouse.gov.
Ingeneral,thethree-letterdomainnamesuffix*isknownasagenerictop-leveldomainanddescribesthetypeoforganization.Inthelastfewyears,thelineshavesomewhatblurred*betweenthesecategories.
.com-business(commercial)
.edu-educational
.org-non-profit
.mil-military
.net-networkprovider
.gov-government
Adomainnamealwayshastwoormorepartsseparatedbydotsandtypicallyconsistsofsomeformofanorganization'snameandthethree-lettersuffix.Forexample,thedomainnameforIBMis"";theUnitedNationsis"un.org."
Ifadomainnameisavailable,andprovideditdoesnotinfringe*onanexistingtrademark,anyonecanregisterthenamefor$35ayearthroughNetworkSolutions,Inc.,whichisauthorizedtoregister.com,.netand.orgdomains.Youcanusetheboxbelowtoseeifanameisaavailable.Don'tbesurprisedifthe.comnameyouwantisalreadytaken,however.Oftheover8milliondomainnames,85%are.comdomains.
ICANN,theInternetCorporationforAssignedNamesandNumbers,managestheDomainNameSystem.Asofthiswriting,thereareplanstoaddadditionaltop-leveldomains,suchas.weband.store.Whenthatwillactuallyhappenisanybody'sguess.
Tocheckfor,orregisteradomainname,typeitintothesearchbox.
Itshouldtakethisform:
Inadditiontothegenerictop-leveldomains,244nationaltop-leveldomainswereestablishedforcountriesandterritories*,forexample:
.au-Australia
.ca-Canada
.fr-France
.de-Germany
.uk-UnitedKingdom
ForUS$275pername,youcanalsoregisteraninternationaldomainnamewithNetNames.Beawarethatsomecountrieshaverestrictionsforregiste
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