PEC航空英语证书考试航空术语定义.docx
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PEC航空英语证书考试航空术语定义.docx
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PEC航空英语证书考试航空术语定义
PEC航空英语证书考试-航空术语定义
A
Term
Definition
aerodyne
Aheavier-than-aircraft,derivingitsliftfrommotion.
aeronaut
Pilotorcrewoflighter-than-gascraft.
aeroplane
Apowerdrivenheavierthanairaircraftthatderivessupportintheatmospherefromthereactionsoftheaironitssurfacesthatremainfixedundergivenconditionsofflight.(Also airplane)
aerostat
Alighter-than-aircraft,suchasa balloon or airship.Itsliftiscausedbybuoyancyrelativetosurroundingair.
ailerons
Onan aircraft,theaileronsarea controlsurface usuallyonthetrailingedgeofthe wings.Theaileronsareusedtocontrol roll.Theaileronsareontheoutsideofthewingsandoperateoppositely(Ifonegoesup,theothergoesdown).
aircraft
Avehiclethatcantravelthroughtheair.
airplane
Apoweredaircraftthatderivesitsliftfromthemovementofairoverfixedliftingsurfaces.(Also aeroplane)
airship
Alighter-than-aircraftthatcanbesteeredandpropelledthroughtheair.(Alsodirigible)
attitude
The orientation ofan aircraft withrespecttothe horizon.
autogyro
Arotor-craftwithunpoweredblades-itrequiresaseparateenginetoprovideforwardmotionbeforeliftisdeveloped.
aviator
Pilotorcrewmemberofanaircraft.
availableseatmiles
Availableseatmiles (ASMs)isameasureofan airline flight'spassengercarryingcapacity.Itisequaltothenumberofseatsonboardanaircraftmultipliedbythedistanceflowninmiles.Forexample,a100-seataircraftflying100mileswouldresultin10,000ASMs.Seatsthatarenotavailableforsaletorevenue-payingpassengers(e.g.,seatsreservedforcrewrest,etc.)areexcludedfromthiscalculation.TheamountofASMsflownbyanairlineduringaspecifiedperiodequalsthesumofASMsflownonallflightsduringtheperiod.
aviatrix
Femaleaviator(Obsolete,potentiallyoffensiveinmodernuse.)
availabletonmiles(ATMs)
Tonsmultipliedbymilesflown.Itisaninternationalmeasureofthecapacityavailableforacarrier.Itisalsousedtomeasurecapacityavailableforfreightcarriers.
B
Term
Definition
balloon
Anunpoweredlighter-than-aircraft.
biplane
Anaeroplanewithtwosimilar-sizedwings(orpairsofwings),exactlyorapproximatelyinverticalalignment.
blimp
Non-rigid airship.Itsshapeismaintainedbyinternalpressure.
breakevenloadfactor
Theloadfactornecessaryforanairlinetobreakeven.Itisafunctionofthepercentofseatsfilledataparticularyieldversustheairlinesoperatingcosts.
C
Term
Definition
camber
Thecurveduppersurfaceofthewing.
controlsurface
Anymoveablesurfaceonan aircraft whichcontrolsitsmotionaboutoneofthethreeprincipalaxes. Ailerons, elevators,andthe rudder areexamplesofcontrolsurfaces.Inaddition,othertypeofrollcontrolsurfacesarerollspoilersthatdumpliftononewingoranother(asopposedtoailerons),spoilerons(combinedspoilerandaileron),andFlaperon(combinedflapandaileron).Othercombinedcontrolsincludetheruddervator(combinedelevatorandrudderasonthe"V"tailedBeechModel35),ElevonscombiningelevatorandaileronsandFlailavatorswhichcontrolpitch&rollaswellasflapsinwingtrailingedgecontrolsurfaces.Othersubsidiarycontrolsarepitch,roll,andruddertrimtabsandtheadjustablepitchtailplane(thewholetailplanemovestotrimthepitchaxis).
centerofgravity(CG)
Thepointatwhichthemassoftheaircraftisbalanced.Thischangesdependingontheloadingoftheaircraft:
fuel,passengers,luggage,etc.DifferentaircrafthaveCGlimitsspecifiedbytheirmanufacturer.IftheCGoftheaircraftinitscurrentconfigurationisoutsideofthespecifiedlimits,theaircraftmaybeunsafetofly.Forexample,iftheCGisbehindtheaft(rear)CGlimit,theaircraftwilltendto stall.
course
Thedirectioninwhichtheaircraftismoving,nottobeconfusedwiththe heading whichisthedirectiontheaircraftispointing.Thecourseandheadingwillusuallydifferbecauseofcrosswinds(see crab).Thecourseisalsodifferentfromthe track whichisproperlythepathoverthegroundthattheaircrafthasalreadyflown(althoughcourseandtrackaresometimesusedsynonymously).
costperavailableseatmile
(CASM)–Theunitoperatingcostofacarrier,alsoknownasunitcost.Thecost,expressedincentstooperateeachseatmileoffered.DeterminedbydividingoperatingcostsbyASM(availableseatmiles).
crab
Acrabisamaneuverusedtoeliminatethedriftofanaircraftcausedbywind.Thepilotwilloffsetthe heading oftheaircraftfromthedesiredtrack byacalculatedamount,andtheaircraft'svelocitycombinedwiththewindthrough vectoraddition willgiveanetmovementinthedesireddirection.
chord
Thedimensionofawingparalleltothedirectionofmotion.(Comparewithspanandthickness.)
D
Term
Definition
dihedralangle
Theanglethatan aeroplane's wings makerelativetothelateralaxis(horizontalplane,whenonlevelground).Alargerdihedralanglegivesgreaterroll(lateral)stabilityatthecostofefficiency.Ifthewingsangleupwards,itiscalledthedihedralangle.Downwardangledwingsaresaidtohaveananhedralangle(increasinglyreferredtoasnegativedihedral).
dirigible
Alighter-than-aircraftthatcanbesteeredandpropelledthroughtheair.FromtheFrenchword dirigeable meaning steerable.(Thistermisgenerallyconsideredout-of-date.Themoderntermis airship.)
drylease
A lease inwhichjustthe aircraft isprovidedwithnocrewandmaintenanceguarantees.
E
Term
Definition
elevons
Onan aeroplane,elevonsareasingle controlsurface whichcombinesthefunctionofthe elevators and ailerons inone.Theyareusuallyseenondelta-wing aircraft.
elevator
Onan aeroplane,theelevatorsarea controlsurface usuallyonthetrailingedgeofthe horizontalstabilizer.Theelevatorsareusedtocontrolpitch.
F
Term
Definition
feather
Torotatethe pitch ofthe propeller bladesuntiltheyareorienteddirectlyintotheairflow,providingtheleastairresistanceandnothrust.Thepropellerisusuallyfeatheredwhenanenginefails.
flightlevel
Flightlevelisthenominalaltitudeofanaircraftreferencedtoastandardpressuredatum,asopposedtotherealaltitudeabovemeansealevel.
flaps
Flaps(oftenconfusedwithanyoftheothermoveablesurfaces)areusedonwingstoincreaseliftand/orincreasedragasanaircraftfliesprogressivelyslower.Increasedliftisusuallyachievedbyincreasingthewingareaandthecamber(shape)ofthewingtoalesserextent.Increaseddragwillarisefromincreasingtheareaandcamberbutthegreatesteffectisachievedwithlargechangesincamber.
G
Term
Definition
glider
Anunpoweredfixed-wingheavier-than-aircraft.(Also sailplane)
glideslope
Aninstrumentonthegroundtoallowaninstrumentallanding.
H
Term
Definition
heading
Thedirectioninwhichan aircraft ispointing,measuredclockwiseindegreesfromNorth.Notethatthisisnotnecessarilythesameastheaircraft's track becauseofwind.
helicopter
Arotorcraftwithoneormoresetsofpoweredblades.
HIGE
HoverInGroundEffect.Hoveringwithinonerotordiameterofthegroundinorderwhereperformanceisincreasedbytheinteractionofthehelicoptersrotordownwashandtheground.
HOGE
HoverOutofGroundEffect.Hoveringatgreaterthanonerotordiameterfromthegroundwherereisnointeractionbetweenrotordownwashandtheground.
I
Term
Definition
instrumentflightrules(IFR)
Aregulatorytermdescribingaflightwhichmaybeconductedinatmosphericconditionswherethepilotcannotflytheaircraftsolelybyreferencetothenaturalhorizon(e.g.incloudandfog)andmustflyonlybyreferencetotheaircraftinstruments.Compareto Visualflightrules.
L
Term
Definition
landinggear
Structurethatsupportstheaircraft'sweightwhenitisnotairborne,oftenincludingashockabsorbingmechanism.Wheelscanbeusedforhardsurfaces,skisorskidsforiceorsnow,andfloatsorpontoonsiflandingonthewater.Someaircraftlike flyingboats donotrequirelandinggear,sincetheirhullcansupportthem
loadfactor(LF)
Thepercentageofseatsfilled.DeterminedbydividingRevenuePassengerMilesbyAvailableSeatMiles.Alsoameasureofthefactorofloadingonanaircraft,withcomparisontogravity.Increasesinsteepturnsandotherabruptmanouvers.Givenasafactorofgravitywith1gbeingthestandardisedaccelerationatsealevelonland.
M
Term
Definition
mayday
Internationaldistresscall,derivedfromtheFrench"M'aidez"literaltranslation"helpme"
moment
Ameasurementofweightataspecificdistance(momentarm)fromareferencepoint.ThismeasurementisusedtoverifytheaircraftiswithintheCenterofGravity(CG)limits.Referencepointsvarybetweenaircraft.
monocoque
Anobject(asinawingorfuselage)whoseskinsupportstheloadasopposedtoaninternalframe.
monoplane
Anaeroplanewithonewing(orpairsofwings).
P
Term
Definition
panne
Frenchfornoncriticalbreakdown,acronymPAN
paraglider
Aparagliderisaglidingparakiteorkite,atypeofhanggliderthatusesoneormoretetherstosuspendpayload.
pitch
Ameasureofthedegreetowhichanaircraft'snosetiltsupordown.Alsoameasureofthe angleofattack ofa propeller.
pitottube
APitottubeisameasuringinstrumentusedtomeasurefluidflow,andmorespecifically,usedtodetermineairspeedonaircraft.ThePitottubeisnamedafteritsinventor,HenriPitot,andwasmodifiedtoitsmodernformbyHenryDarcy.
powerplant
Apoweredaircraft'ssourceofpower,usuallyeithera jetengine oraconventional engine and propeller.
pressurealt
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