反思性实践.docx
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反思性实践.docx
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反思性实践
CommunicationandProjectmanagement
Abstract:
Communicationisveryimportantinprojectmanagement.Thecostofcommunicationtoacertainextentdeterminesthecostofprojectmanagement.Throughestablishingacompleteandeffectivecommunicationsystem,wecanimplementprojectmanagementEfficiency.
Keyword:
communication;Projectmanagement
1Introduction
Intheinnovationofglobalizationandchangingmarketenvironment,enterprisesinordertosurviveanddevelop,mustimplementtheprojectmanagement,Becauseofprojectmanagementspecificcontentsystemandorganizationalstructure,communicationinwhichhasplayadecisiverole.Thecostofcommunicationtoacertainextentdeterminesthecostofprojectmanagement.Onlytoestablishacompleteandeffectivecommunicationsystemtoefficientimplementationofprojectmanagement.
2Descriptionoftheevent
Thecompanyheldameeting,discusshowtosolveanurgentproblem:
howtoremovethesnowonthehigh-voltagetransmissionline.Itmayleadtothebreakingofthewire,ifthesnowonthetransmissionlineistooheavy.Theresultingdamagewillbeveryserious.Thewinteriscoming.Companiesmustassoonaspossiblecomeupwithasolution.Throughouttheconferenceencourageseveryonetospeakone'smindfreely,nomatterwhat,Andsoonseveralsuggestionsareputforward,Forexample,"theheatingwireandthesnowwillmelt","attachedvibrationdeviceOnthewire,thesnowfromthewirewillbesweptaway."Whensomeonesays:
"lettheplanetiedbroomstosweep."Whataridiculousidea.Somepeoplecan'thelplaughing.Butthechairmanstillrecordthisproposalfaithfully.Themeetingcontinued."Wireswillbemovedtotheunderground.","Attachedasmallpulleytothewire,thepulleyslidesfromoneendofthewiretotheotherend,soastoplaytheroleofsweeper.""Theideaoftheplanesnowingisveryinteresting.Infact,itwillgenerateahugeblastwhentheplanepasses.whichissufficienttowiresnowrippedoff."Thenwerealized,perhapsthesnowadviceisn'tthatfunny.
Whenallpossibleideashavebeenwrittendown,thepresidentsaid:
"thefinalsolutionmustmeetthreerequirements:
first,whenexecutedtoensuresafetyproblem;second,theimplementationcanbedoneinashorttime;third,thecostshouldbeassmallaspossible.Accordingtothethreestandard,afterthediscussion,wefindtheideaoftheplanesnowingisBetterthanotherschemesIntimeandcost,Butsecurityisnotclear,relevanttechnicalexpertsconfirmedthereisnostrongwindweather,highlyskilledpilotscanperformthisscheme,Intheabsenceofstrongwinds,thewireiswithoutsnow.Finally,thecompanyusedaircrafttosolvetheproblem.
3Feelings
Intheprojectmanagementprocess,communicationabilityisabasicability.Thecommunicationincludesapairofacommunication,multipleinteractionsbetweenpeoplediscuss.Thepurposeofcommunicationisoftheorderoftwoexchangesbetweenindividuals,toexchangeinformation,broadenthethinkingandunderstanding,communicationplaysanimportantroleintheprojectmanagement.Goodcommunicationisthekeytosuccessfulprojectmanagement.Justasacompanydevelopsavalidationplan,startinganoutsourcingrelationshiprequiresacommunicationplan.Unscheduledchangesinprojectscopeareacommonconcernforvendorsandclients,thepresidentofIntegratedManagementAssociates.Asolidcommunicationplanhelpsavoidthatdifficultybecauseitspellsoutascheduleofmeetingsbetweenthe2parties,ensuringthatcommunicationremainsopenandtimelyandneithergroupishitwithsurprisingnews.Theschedulespellsoutthefrequencyandtypesofmeetingsandwhoshouldattendthem.CarolineRowe,aclientgroupheadatCovance,agreethattheresponsibilityformakingsurecommunicationoccursasspelledoutintheplanshouldfalltoonepersonineachcompanywhoservesastheprimarypointofcontact.
TheformofProjectcommunicationisvarious.Brainstormingisagoodwayofcommunication.BrainstorminghasbecomeatopicofgreatinteresttoauditorssincethepassageofSASNo.99,whichrequiresexternalauditorstobrainstorm,andithasrecentlyreceivedsignificantattentionfromtheinternalauditprofessionaswell.Althoughthemainobjectiveofbrainstormingistogenerateideasaboutfraud,itisunclearhowthebrainstormingsessionistobeconducted.Sinceinternalauditorsoftenworkasindividuals,ifinternalauditorscouldmaximizetheirgenerationofideasbybrainstormingindividuallywithoutincurringthecostsofinteractinginagroup,thenthiscouldenhancetheirefficiencyandeffectiveness.
Osborn(1957)suggestedthattherearebenefitsofbrainstormingingroups,however,muchofthepriorresearchinpsychologysuggeststhatbrainstorminggroups(i.e.,groupsthatinteractinopendiscussion)providefewerideas(i.e.,quantity)thannominalgroups(i.e.,acollectionoftheuniqueideasofindividualswhodonotinteract),withthemajorityofstudiesdocumentingprocesslossesoutweighingprocessgainswhentheinteractinggroupiscomparedtoacollectionofindividuals.Priorresearchinaccountinghasalsoprovidedevidencethatbrainstorminggroupsofexternalauditorsprovidefewerideas(i.e.,quantity)thannominalgroupsofindividualswhodonotinteract(Carpenter2007;andGold2010).Thesestudiespredictedandfoundthatbrainstorminggroupsofexternalauditors,likestudentsexaminedinpsychologystudies,hadprocesslossesattributedtoproductionblocking(i.e.,onlyonemembercanspeakatatime)andsocialloafing(i.e.,reducedeffortbyrelyingonothersontheteam)asthesearegeneralfeaturesofgroupsregardlessofitsmembers.Becausethesegeneralfeaturesarealsopartofinternalauditbrainstorminggroups,wepredictthatbrainstorminggroupswillgeneratefewerfraudrisks(i.e.,quantity)thannominalgroupsformedasacollectionofindividualparticipants'risks.Formallystated:
H1a:
Brainstorminggroupswillidentifyfewerfraudrisksthannominalgroups.
AlthoughCarpenter(2007)foundthatinteractinggroupsofexternalauditorsdidnotgenerateasmanyideas(i.e.,quantity)asdidthenominalgroupsofindividuals,shepredictedandfoundthatbrainstorminggroupsgeneratedmorequalityfraudideas(i.e.,relevantfraudrisks)thanthosegeneratedbytheindividualsinthegroup.Hoffman(2009)alsodocumentedbenefitstogroupbrainstorming,findingthatexternalauditorswhointeractedinagroupweremorelikelytoeffectivelymodifytheirauditproceduresthanindividualauditorsworkingindependently.Lynchetal.(2009)suggestthatvariationsintheconductofthebrainstormingcanimprovethegroups'identificationofqualityideas.
Carpenter(2007)predictedthattheprocessgainswouldoutweighprocesslossesforhierarchicalteamsofexternalauditorsforthequalityofideas(i.e.,actualfraudsidentifiedbytheSECforthecasematerials)becauseofexternalauditors'focusonfrauddetection,theirexperienceandknowledgewiththetask,andtheabilityoftheseteamstorecognizethemanagerasthebestmemberoftheteambecausethemanageristhemostseniormemberoftheteamandlikelyexertsthemostinfluence.Internalauditorsshareasimilarexperienceandknowledgeoffraudwithexternalauditors;however,internalauditteamsareoftenhomogenous,ratherthanhierarchical,makingitmoredifficulttoidentifythebestmember.Further,insomesituations,internalauditorshavebeenshowntoprovidedifferentjudgmentsfromthoseofexternalauditors(ChurchandSchneider1995).Thus,itisanempiricalquestionastowhetherthe''qualityofideas''resultsfoundwithexternalauditorsinCarpenter(2007)willgeneralizetointernalauditors.Sinceinternalauditorsoftenworkalone,itisimportanttounderstandifthebenefitsofbrainstorming,foundtobedrivenbymanagersinCarpenter(2007),canbeachievedbyinternalauditorsofsimilaryearsinexperienceontheirown(i.e.,generationofideas),orwhetheritisnecessaryfortheseinternalauditorstointeractinagroupforthebenefitstoberealized.Ifinternalauditorsengageingroupinteraction,thenthegroupsareoftenmorehomogenouslycomprisedofmemberswithsimilarlevelsofexperience(intermsofyears)butvaryingbackgroundsandperspectives.Researchinpsychologysuggeststhatcommunicationamongadiversegroupwithvaryingperspectivescancreatesynergies,enhancingthequalityoftheinteractionandallowingeachmemberofthegrouptobuildontheuniquequalityideasofothers,sothattheprocessgainsultimatelyoutweightheprocesslosses(Osborn1957;Dennis1993).Basedonthisdiscussion,wepredictthatbrainstorminggroupswillidentifymorequalityideasthannominalgroups.Formallystated:
H1b:
Brainstorminggroupswillidentifymorequalityfraudrisksthannominalgroups.
4Evaluations
Intheevent,Iamoneoftheemployeesofthecompany,becauseofthechangeofthetraditionalmeeting,Ifeelverydifficultatthebeginning,butaslongasthereareoneortwomeetinginthisnewwaydown,thiscanbeaccepted.Ifeelthatthismeetingisverygood,Ilearnedalot.Whenpeople,whodon'tunderstand"brainstorming",isfirsttimetoparticipateinthismeeting,thechairmanofthemeetingshouldinadvanceexplaintohim,andlethimfindrelatedinformation,knowaheadoftimethewholemeetingprocess,fullyprepared,inordertobetterexpresstheirpointofview,putforwardabetterproposal,maketheconferencehasmorevalueandsignificance.sothenewtalentwillnotchangetheatmospherewhichishardtobebuiltuptospeakone'smindfreely.thestaff,whoisusetotheway,shouldbeaskedtoconsidertheproblemismore
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