英语本科毕业论文-浅析美国的个人主义与中国的集体主义.docx
- 文档编号:26242240
- 上传时间:2023-06-17
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:21
- 大小:125.72KB
英语本科毕业论文-浅析美国的个人主义与中国的集体主义.docx
《英语本科毕业论文-浅析美国的个人主义与中国的集体主义.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《英语本科毕业论文-浅析美国的个人主义与中国的集体主义.docx(21页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
本科毕业论文
浅析美国的个人主义与
中国的集体主义
——林奇与狼牙山五壮士
学生姓名:
学生学号:
院(系):
外国语学院
年级专业:
2003级英语本科2班
指导教师:
二OO七年五月
BriefDiscussiononAmerican
IndividualismandChineseCollectivism
JessicaLynchandFiveWarriorsonLangyaMountain
LiaoYinye
UndertheSupervisionof
LiLiqin
SchoolofForeignLanguagesandCultures
PanzhihuaUniversity
May2007
Contents
Abstract I
KeyWords I
摘要 II
关键词 II
Introduction 1
I.DefinitionsandExplanationsofIndividualismandCollectivism 3
A.DefinitionandExplanationofAmericanIndividualism 3
B.DefinitionandExplanationofChineseCollectivism 5
C.ChineseMisunderstandingofAmericanIndividualism 6
II.TwoSetbacksforChinesePresentDevelopment 7
A.WeakAbilitytoInnovateinScienceandTechnology 7
B.SlowProcessinRulebyLaw 8
III.PositiveRolesofIndividualism 9
A.AbilitytoInnovate 9
B.RulebyLaw 11
IV.ChineseCulturalRevivalintheTwenty-firstCentury 12
Conclusion 14
Acknowledgements 15
Bibliography 16
Abstract
ThispapermakesananalysisoftheculturaldifferencebetweenAmericaandChina-AmericanindividualismandChinesecollectivismfromtheperspectiveofprisonersofwarandthendiscussestheimportancetofosterthespiritofindividualismintoday'sChinawhenitencounterstwosetbacksinitsreformanddevelopment.Oneofthetwosetbacksisweakabilitytoinnovateinscienceandtechnologyandtheotherisslowprocessofrulebylaw.Withopennessandpositiveattitudeofdrawingonothercivilizations9strongpoints,Chinawouldavoiddetoursinitsdoublesocialtransformationsfromthetypeoffarmingtoindustryandfromindustrytoinformation.
KeyWords
prisonersofwar(POW);Americanindividualism;Chinesecollectivism;
innovationinscienceandtechnology;rulebylaw
摘要
本文试从战俘的角度分析中美文化的不同一美国的个人主义与中国的集体主义,并结合现阶段中国改革发展中出现的科技创新能力弱和法治建设进程缓慢两问题,探讨发扬个人主义精神的重要性。
笔者相信在中国进行从农耕社会向工业社会过渡,工业社会向信息社会过渡的双重社会转型过程中,只有以开放和学习的心态积极地借鉴其他文明的优点,中国的改革发展才能少走弯路。
关键词
战俘;美国的个人主义;中国的集体主义;科技创新;法治
Introduction
JessicaLynch(http:
//www.jessica-.html)
FiveWarriorsonLangyaMountain
(
OnJuly22,2003,afternearlyfourmonthsinamilitaryhospital,AmericanPrivateJessicaLynchfinallyreturnedhome.ThesmalltownofElizabeth,WestVirginia,celebratedherarrivalwithadisplayoflocalpride,pompandpageantry.AnotherheroicstorytookplaceinChina'sHebeiprovincesixty-twoyearsbeforethatonSeptember25,1941duringtheWarofResistanceAgainstJapan(1937-1945).FiveChinesesoldierscommittedsuicidebyjumpingoffacliffwhentheyranoutofammunitionandallthereachablestones.TheyarethelaterFiveWarriorsonLangyaMountainwhoarerememberedandrespectedbyChinesepeopletilltoday.
Thosearetwocompletelydifferentwaysofbeingheroes.Butwhatareworthofbeingtakennoticeofaresoldiers9differentattitudestowardssurrenderandpeople'sdifferentattitudestowardsprisonersofwar(P0W)fromtheirowncountry.
ForanAmericansoldier,itisnaturalandunderstandabletoyieldwhenhefightstothebitterendandhasnobullet.ButforaChinesesoldier,tolaydownhisarmsandsurrenderseemsmoredisgracedthantodie,especiallywhentheenemiesarefromothercountries,suchasJapan.
AndwhataretheordinaryChinesepeople'sattitudestowardstheprisonersofwarfromChina?
GeZhenlin,oneofthefivesoldiers,whohasluckilysurvivedbecauseofthebranchesinthecliff,wasonceaskedbyhisfellowvillager,<6Didyoureallyjumpofffromthecliff?
”accordingtohisson.Thatistosay,ifGeZhenlindidnotjumpofffromthecliff,hehasnohonortoberegardedashero,evenwiththefactthathehadfoughttothebitterend.InChina,ifyouwereaPOW,stillalive,youwouldveryprobablyfaceonequestion"Whydidn'tyoudieinthebattlefield?
^^Itmustbeanunacceptablequestioninthewesterncountries,butitisafactinChina.
ThereasonbehindsuchphenomenonisthatthecoreofAmericanvaluesisindividualismandthatofChineseiscollectivism.So,whenthereisaconflictbetweencollectivegloryandindividuallife,AmericanschooseindividuallifewhileChinesechoosecollectiveglory.
ThisarticledoesnotaimtoargueforthatthefivesoldiersshouldnotjumpofffromthemountainorChinesepeopleshouldnotexpectsuchheroicactionfromthem,buttomakearelativelyobjectivediscussionontheculturalreasonbehinditandthenmakeananalysisoftheimportancetofosterthespiritofindividualismwhenChinaencounterssomedifficultiesinitspresentreformanddevelopment.
I.DefinitionsandExplanationsofIndividualismandCollectivism
TherearemanydifferencesbetweenAmericancultureandChineseculture.Amongthem,themostimportantorfundamentaloneisonthevalueorientation:
Americancultureupholdsindividualism;Chinesecultureadvocatescollectivism.Thus,inthedailylife,Americansvaluefreedom,rulebylaw,individualrightsandliberationofselfwhileChinesethinkhighlyofethiccode,moralprinciplesandinterpersonalrelations.WhatarethedefinitionsandwaysofexpressionofAmericanindividualismandChinesecollectivism?
IsChineseknowledgeaboutAmericanindividualismcorrect?
A.DefinitionandExplanationofAmericanIndividualism
ThebasisofwesterncultureisChristianityanditscoreisindividualism.
ForAmericanindividualism,itreferstothatindividualisthefoundationfortheexistenceofcollective.Everyonehashisownindependentpersonalityandfreewillandothersshouldnotworktheirwilluponhimexceptthatindividualinterestsendangerpublicinterests.Whatismore,individualismmeanstwoaspects:
pursuitofindividualinterestsandbearingresponsibilityofyourownatthesametime.Americanrepresentstheminfiverootedconvictionsintheirdailylife:
everyoneisabletosavehimself;individualrightscannotbedeprivedinanyway;thepowerofhumanisunlimited;Americansbelieveinsurvivalofthefittest;Americansseektoshowindividuality.
Individualism,whichisrootedintheearliestAmericanideology:
Puritanism,isthecoreofAmericanvalues.Andafterhistoricalchangesofages,ithasinfiltratedintoallthefieldsofAmericansociety.
ThebirthofPuritanismistheachievementoftheReformationinEurope,whichshatteredtheoldrigidChristianityandliberatedtheindividualtoalargedegree.Astheresultofsuchreformation,Puritanismsurelyinheritedtheachievement.Itwasrepresentedintwoaspects:
tosettheindividualfreefromthestrictdisciplineofRomanchurchandtosettheindividualfreefromthestrictideologicalcontrolofRomanchurch.
OnSeptember16,1620,102Britishpuritansrodeonawoodensailingship“Mayflower”,withthehopethattheywouldwinfreedomandrealizeallthedreamsinthefarawaynewcontinent.Itmightbefortheluckowningtothisromanticandbeautifulship'snamethattheywentashoreinthenewcontinentsuccessfullyaftersixty-sixdays,withonedeadandoneborn.Inthefollowingdays,forty-oneadultmenfromthemsignedthefamousMayflowerCompact1620,whichwassimpleincontentbutusheredinanewwayofpubliclife.Itbecameanexample.Thatmeansthepublicordershouldbekeptbythecompactbutnotcompelledbytheauthorityabovepeople.Soallthepeoplearelivingforthemselves,butnotforsomebodyorsomethingelseandtheyarethemastersofthegovernment.ThatisthereasonwhytheholystoneinPlymouthisregardedasthefirstsymbolthatdistinguishesbetweenanAmericanandaBritish.Andinthefollowingyears,AmericansfightforthelibertyintheWarofIndependenceandatlasttheywonthewar.
So,thefirstAmericanswereawarethatallthekindsofgovernmentshouldformonlywiththeirpermission.Andthenwiththewesternexpansion,AmericanindividualismdevelopedalotandtilltheageofEmerson,Americanindividualismwasgreatlyperfected.
Butanotherproblemmightemerge.Thatishowtodealwiththeconflictbetweeneveryone'sinterestswhenthewholeinterestsinUSAandintheworldarelimitedandeveryonewantstosafeguardpersonalinterest.SothefrontiersmadetheFederalConstitution,thecleverestconstitutioninthehumanhistory.Itdealtwiththeinterestconflictbetweenindividualandnationinaflexibleway,whichalwayssafeguardstheformertothelargestdegree.
Thus,tillnowthereisnostategovernorwaselectedforheintendedtoprotectthefederalinterestsmore,ratherthantheirownstate'sinterests.DifferentformChina,nationwasevolvedfrompeople,village,andstateinUSA.Therefore,whentheykeepbalancewithindividualandnationalinterests,theyfavorfortheindividual.Theyareusedtothinkinginthisway.Then,Americanpeople'sattitudestowardssurrenderandPOWwouldbeunderstandablenow.
B.DefinitionandExplanationofChineseCollectivism
ThebasisofeasterncultureisConfucianismanditscoreiscollectivism.
Toamemberoftheproletariat,heshouldactwithMarxistoutlookastheguide,withcollectivismastheprinciple,withtherealizationofsocialismandcommunismasthegoal.TherearethreeoriginsofChineseculture:
Confucianism,TaoismandBuddhism.WhatConfucianismpursuesisthesecularrank,fameandfortuneandthevaluegoalofConfucianismiscollectiveinterests.
ForChinesecollectivism,itreferstothatcollectiveisthefoundationfortheexistenceofindividual.Publicinterestsaretheinterestsofindividualandpublicvaluesarethevaluesofindividualandwhatismore,publicwillisthewillofindividual.Forthisculturalreason,AmericanpresidentGeorgeW.BushoncerecalledhischildhoodwhenhisfatherwastheambassadorinBeijingandforhisearliestimpressionaboutChinahes
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 英语 本科毕业 论文 浅析 美国 个人主义 中国 集体主义