国际商法授课教案.docx
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国际商法授课教案.docx
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国际商法授课教案
TeachingPlanforInternationalBusinessLaw
(国际商法授课教案)
ShandongUniversity
SchoolofLaw,InstituteofInternationalLaw
Prof.&Dr.JiangZuoli
ChapterOneIntroductiontoInternationalBusinessLaw
I.Objectives
1.Toprovideageneralandbriefsurveyofhistoryandsourcesofinternationalbusinesslaw
2.Togiveageneralintroductiontothemoreimportantinternationalorganizations
3.Tomakeacomparisonofmunicipallegalsystems
II.TimeAllotment
1.Thefirstperiodisdevotedtotheconcept,historyandsourcesofinternationalbusinesslaw
2.Thesecondperiodisdevotedtointernationalorganizationsandcomparisonofmunicipallegalsystems
III.HistoricalLegalbackgrounds
1.Economicglobalization,inrecentyears,particularly,astheColdWaranditsthreatofmajordisasterseemstohavereceded,hasbeenoneofthehottestfocusesintheworld.Althoughitisextremelydifficulttodefineeconomicglobalization,manyeconomistsandbusinessexpertsbelievethatnobusinesscanbepurelydomestic,andtherealitiesofthemodernworldmakeallbusinessinternational.Thecausesofthesedevelopmentsarenumerous:
incredibleadvancesinefficiencyofcommunication,extraordinaryreductionsintransportcosts,growingprevalenceofinstanttele-and-cyber-transactions,treatyandothernormscausingreductionofgovernmentalbarrierstotrade,andeconomicclimatemorefavorabletoprinciplesofmarketeconomics,cross-borderinfluencesofcompetitionwhichhavedrivenincreasesinproductionandserviceefficiencies,and,lastbutnotleast,theblessingofrelativepeaceintheworld.Asaresult,scholarlyeffortsandgovernmentalpolicystudieshavealsobeengivingincreasedattentiontointernationaltrade,legislativeinitiativesrelatingtotrade,theactivityoffinancialinstitutionssuchastheWorldBankortheInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)(国际货币基金组织),andmanyothereconomicsubjectsrelatingtoinvestment,competitionpolicy,etc.
2.ManylawscholarsinwesterncountiesbelievethattheHammurabiCodes(c.18thc.B.C)inBabylon,theearliestknowncomprehensivecodesoflawintheworld,istheoriginofinternationalbusinesslaw,asconsideredtobeappliedmostproperlyinbusinessaffairs.TheHammurabiCodescoversawiderangeofbusinessareassuchassaleofgoods,prices,tariffs,variouscontracts.Inthecourseoftradingoutsidetheirboundaries,BabylonmerchantsbroughtbusinesslawtothePhoeniciansinMediterraneanareas.Romebegantobemoreandprosperouseconomicallyin450B.C.,andasaresultthelawtherewasinquickdevelopment.TheRomanlawthenwasknownasIusCivil(civillaw)(市民法)whichregulatedtherelationshipsofRomansandIusGentium(publicinternationallaw)(万民法)whichregulatedmostlythebusinessaffairsofRomansandforeigners.RomansconqueredGreecein146B.C.,andreceivedtheRhodelawwhichwaspopularinaGreekcolony.
DuringthemidandlateMiddleAges,alongwiththerapiddevelopmentofeconomy,thereinEuropedevelopedasystemofcustomarylawknownaslawmerchant,whichregulatedthedealingsofmarinersandmerchantsinallthecommercialcountriesoftheworlduntil17thcentury.Manyofthelawmerchant’sprinciplescametobeincorporatedintothecommonlaw,andmoderninternationalbusinesslaw.
IV.ImportantConcepts
1.Internationalbusinesslaw
Thebodyofrulesandnormsthatregulatesactivitiescarriedoutoutsidethelegalboundariesofstates.Inparticular,itregulatesthebusinesstransactionsofprivatepersonsinternationally,andtheinternationalrelationshipsofinternationalcommercialorganizations.
Incomparisonwiththetraditionalinternationalbusinesslaw,contemporaryinternationalbusinesslawcoversmuchmoreextensively,suchaslawfortheinternationaltradingofgoods,companylaw,negotiableinstrumentlaw,maritimelaw,insurancelaw,lawofinternationaltechnologytransfer,industrialpropertylaw,internationalinvestmentlaw,internationalfinanciallaw,internationaltaxlaw,lawofinternationaldisputesettlement.
2.Lawmerchant
Europeanmerchantshavedevelopedmanypracticesandusages,andthecourtsworkedoutpracticalandfairrulesandproceduresbasedonthemerchants’customs.Soonthesesameruleswerebeingappliedbothingovernmentalandchurchcourts,andeventuallythelexmercatoria(商人习惯法)becameaninternationalbodyofgenerallyacceptedcommercialrulesthattranscendednationalboundaries.Italsoprovedtobemoreinfluentialthaneventhecivillaw,spreadingtoEnglandwheretheRomanlawtraditionwasresistedbythelocallegalcommunity.Today,manyoftheconceptscontainedinthelawmerchantareincorporatedinmoderncommerciallawcodes,suchastheUnitedNationsConventiononContractsfortheInternationalSaleofGoods.
3.Internationalmodellaw
Internationalmodellawmeanstherulesandnormsworkedoutandpassedbysomeinternationalorganizationsforthefreechoicebyindividualnations.Internationalmodellawisnotinternationaltreatiesorconventionsandisofnocertainlegalvalidity,however,itincorporatesmanygeneralprinciplesoflawfromvariouslegalsystemsandalsomostwell-knowncustomsandusagesininternationalbusinesspractices.Therefore,manycountriesliketouseitasameansofinterpretinginternationalbusinesscustoms,andasmodelfortheirnationallegislature.So,internationalmodellawisanimportantsourceforinternationalbusinesslaw.
4.Internationaltradecustomsandusages
Internationaltradecustomsandusagesmeanthegeneralrulesandpracticesininternationaltradeactivitiesthathavebecomegenerallyadoptedthroughunvaryinghabitandcommonuse.“Theexistenceandscopeofausageoftradearetobedeterminedasquestionsoffact.Ifausageisembodiedinawrittentradecodeorsimilarwritingtheinterpretationofthewritingistobedeterminedbythecourtasaquestionoflaw.Unlessotherwiseagreed,ausageoftradeinthevocationortradeinwhichthepartiesareengagedorausageoftradeofwhichtheyknoworhavereasontoknowgivesmeaningtoorsupplementsorqualitiestotheiragreement.”
InternationaltradecustomsandusagesusedtobeoralratherthaninwritingamongmostlyEuropeanmerchants.Yearslater,somenon-governmentalorganizationscompiledthemintowrittenrulesofwhichsomeofthemostworldlyrecognizedaretheWarsaw-OxfordRulesbytheInternationalChamberofCommercein1932,theInternationalRulesfortheInterpretationofTradeTermsrevisedin2000byInternationalChamberofCommerce(hereaftercalledIncoterms2000),theUniformCustomsandPracticeforCommercialDocumentaryCreditsrevisedin1994bytheInternationalChamberofCommerce(hereaftercalledUCP500).Theseinternationaltradecustomsandusagesnowarewidelyrecognizedandacceptedininternationalbusinessareas.
V.ImportantLegalPrinciples
1.CivilLawandCommonLawSystems
Historically,thecivillawdatesto450B.C,thetraditionaldatewhenRomeadopteditsTwelveTables.Themostsignificanthistoricaleventinthedevelopmentofthecivillaw,however,wasthecompilationandcodificationofallRomanlawdoneunderthedirectionofByzantineEmperorJustinian(A.D.483-565).Thiscode,knownastheCorpusJurisCivilis,wascompiledbetweenA.D.528and534.Itwasimportantbecauseitpreservedtheancientlegalsysteminwrittenforms.TheRomanlawwasdisplacedtosomeextentbytherulesoftheGermanictribeswhentheyoverrantheWesternEmpire.Germanictriballaw,however,recognizedtheprincipleofpersonal(asopposedtoterritorial)law,sotheformerRomansubjectsandtheirdescendantswereallowedtofollowtheRomanlaw.ThemedievalRomanCatholicChurchalsoplayedanimportantroleinpreservingtheancientlawbecauseitsCanonlaw,thelawusedinchurchcourts,wasbasedonRomanlaw.
WiththerevivalofinterestinclassicalcultureinWesternEuropeintheeleventhandtwelfthcenturies,accompaniedbythediscoveryofacopyofthelonglostCorpusJurisCivilis(国法大全),activestudyoftheancientRomanlawbeganinearnest.AtuniversitiesinnorthernItaly—especiallyBologna—theCorpusJurisCiviliswassystematicallyanalyzed,firstbyglossators(whoaddednotes—annotations—explainingitsmeaning)andlaterbycommentators(whoattemptedtoadaptittotheneedsoftheirtime).StudentsfromthroughoutEurope,whotraveledtoItalytostudy,returnedtotheirowncountriestostartthenewprofessionoflawyers.TheynotonlysetupnewuniversitiesinParis,Oxford,Prague,Heidelburg,Cracow,andCoperhagen,butalsofoundworkbothintheChurchandasadvisorstoprincesandmunicipalities.Theircommonbackgroundledtothecreationofanewcivillaw,onebasedontheRomanlaw,canonlaw,andthehugebodyofwritingscreatedbytheglossatorsandcommentators.Thiswascalledthejuscommune,orthecommonlawofEurope.
TheoriginsoftheAnglo-AmericanCommonLawSystemcanbetracedbacktotheyear1066,whentheNormansconqueredEnglandandWilliamtheConquerorbegantocentralizehisnewkingdom’sgovernmentaladministration.Thename“commonlaw”isderivedfromthetheorythattheking’scourtsrepresentedthecommoncustomoftherealm,asopposedtothelocalcustomarylawpracticedinthecountyandmanorialcourts.
DevelopmentoftheenduringprinciplesofthecommonlawwaslargelytheproductofthreecourtscreatedbyHenryII(1133-1189).TheCourtofExchequersettledtaxdisputes;theCourtofCommonPleasdealtwithmattersthatdidnotinvolvetheking’sdirectinterest,suchastitletoland,enforcementofpromises,andpaymentofdebts;andtheCourtofKing’sBenchhandledcasesofadirectroyalinterest,suchastheissuanceof“writs”(writ
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