主谓一致单独讲解 1.docx
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主谓一致单独讲解 1.docx
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主谓一致单独讲解1
第四章主谓一致(Subject-verbConcord)
主谓一致指的是谓语动词在人称和数上必须与主语一致。
处理一致关系,有以下三个原则可遵循。
a)语法一致(grammaticalconcord)——从语法形式上取得一致。
主语为单数形式,谓语也为单数形式;主语为复数形式,谓语也为复数形式。
【例如】
Thecontentofthesebooksisverygood.
Thequestionsheraisedareveryimportant.
b)意义一致(notionalconcord)——在意义上取得一致。
如果有时主语在语法形式上虽为单数,但意义为复数,谓语动词采用复数形式。
反之,如果主语在语法形式上是复数,而在意义上可视为单数,随后的动词也用单数。
Thefamilywerehavingtheirdinneratthetable.
Fifteenminutesisashortperiodoftime.
c)就近原则(principleofproximity)——谓语动词的人称和数和靠得最近的主语的人称和数保持一致。
Eithermybrothersormyfatheriscoming.
NotonlyhebutalsoIamtoberesponsiblefortheerror.
7.1名词作主语时的主谓一致
1)单、复数同形的名词作主语
单、复数同形的名词,特别是以-s结尾的单、复数同形的名词:
deer,sheep,aircraft飞机,species物种,series,works,headquarters总部,司令部,means方法,crossroads紧要关头等。
要根据句中出现的限定词或代词确定其单复数。
Everymeanshasbeentriedtohelphimoutoftrouble.
Manymeanshavebeentriedtohelphimoutoftrouble.
2)集体名词作主语
只能作复数的集体名词:
cattle(牛,牲畜),poultry(家禽),people,folk(民族),police警察等。
Thepoliceweretryinghardtocatchtheescapedprisoner.
Thecattleweregrazingonthemeadow.
3)既可作单数又可作复数的集体名词作主语
如audience,class,public,staff职员,team,government,couple夫妻,board委员会,army,family,committee委员会,crowd人群,jury陪审团等。
根据意义一致原则来决定谓语动词的单复数。
如果将该名词所表示的集体视为一个整体,则动词用单数。
如果将侧重点放在组成集体的成员上,动词用复数。
Thegovernmenthasimposedabanondemonstrations.
Thegovernmenthavediscussedthematterforalongtime.
3)通常只作不可数名词的集体名词作主语
如furniture,equipment,machinery(机械),foliage(植物,叶子),merchandise(商品,货物)等作主语,谓语动词用单数形式。
Thefurnitureinthehousematchesthecolorofthewalls.
AllthemachineryinthefactoryismadeintheUnitedStates.
Themerchandisehasarrivedundamaged.
5)表示学科、游戏或疾病的名词作主语
这类名词即使是以-s结尾,其谓语用单数形式。
Politicsistheartorscienceofgovernment.
Hastheskittles(撞柱游戏)beenapopulargameinEnglish?
Mumps(愠怒,生气)isakindofinfectiousdisease.
6)名词+介词(或分词)短语作主语
如果主语是单数,尽管后面有with,togetherwith,aswellas,nolessthan,like,but,except,ratherthan,combinedwith等引起的短语,谓语动词仍用单数。
Anexpert,togetherwithsomeassistants,wassenttohelpinhiswork.
Nooneexceptmyparentsknowsanythingaboutit.
7)and连接两个并列名词作主语
and连接两个或两个以上单数名词作主语,指同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时,谓语动词用单数。
如果分别表示不同的人、物或概念时(这时两个名词前通常各有限定词),谓语动词用复数。
Breadandbutter(涂黄油的面包)isagoodbreakfast.
Breadandbutterarecompletelydifferentthings.
Thesingeranddancerwastobepresentatourparty.
Thesingerandthedancerweretobepresentatourparty.
Warandpeaceisoftenthethemeofmanynovels.
Warandpeacearealternativesbetweenwhichmanmustconstantlychoose.
HeropinionandKate’sarethesame.
7.2关联连词引导并列成分作主语时的主谓一致
用…or…,either…or…,notonly…butalso…,neither…or…等连词引导的并列主语,根据“就近原则”,应以第二个主语的人称和数来确定谓语的形式。
Eitherherfatherorhermotherisverykindtoher.
(比较Bothherfatherandhermotherareverykindtoher.)
Notonlytheswitchesbutalsotheoldwiringhasbeenchanged.
7.3非限定动词作主语时的主谓一致
两个非限定动词(两个动名词或两个不定式)由and连接作并列主语,如果表示一个单一概念,谓语用单数;如果表示不同的概念,谓语用复数。
Toloveandtobelovedisthegreatesthappiness.爱与被爱是最大的幸福。
Totryandfailisbetterthannottotryatall.尝试而失败也比不尝试好。
Skatingandskiingaretwointerestingsports.滑雪和溜冰是两项有趣的运动。
Tomeantodosomethingandtoactuallydosomethingaretwoseparatethings.想干一件事和真干一件事是两回事。
7.4代词作主语时的主谓一致
诸如half,all,most,plenty(of),some,theremainder(of),therest(of),themajority(of)等代词作主语时,根据“意义一致”原则决定谓语的数。
如果它所代的是复数名词,谓语用复数;如果它所代的是单数名词或不可数名词,谓语用单数。
Halfoftheworkershaveleftforhome.
Halfofthemilkhasbeenleftinthebottle.
Therestofthebooksweredistributedtothestudents.
Therestofthebookisquiteboring,I’mafraid.
7.5以-ings结尾的名词作主语时的主谓一致
谓语通常用复数。
这类名词有:
earnings薪水,surroundings,findings零件,winnings奖金,savings储蓄,belongings财产,lodgings住所,tidings消息等。
Theirearningscometo1000yuanamonth.
Thehappytidingswerebroughttoherlastweek.
7.6表示时间、距离、重量或金额的复数名词作主语时的主谓一致
如果这个复数名词被当作一个整体的单位时,意义上是单数,因此谓语也用单数。
Twohoursisthelimitofthistest.
Twentyacresisalottoplow.
如果这个复数名词是作为一个一个单位来计算,这时数字的复数性很明显,谓语相应地用复数形式。
Twopoundsaremorethanhecanafford.
Twentyacresarereadyforhimtoplow.
7.7名词性分句作主语时的主谓一致
how,when,where,why,what等引导的单个名词性分句作主语,其后的动词通常用单数。
Howtheprisonerescapedfromthejailisstillamystery.
WhentheywillleaveforLondonhasnotbeendecidedyet.
Whyheenteredtheroomwithoutbeingseenremainsamysterytousall.
Whattheydohasnothingtodowithwhattheysay.
两个由and连接的并列名词性分句作主语,如果主语表示两件事,动词用复数。
Whathesaysandwhathedoesarealwaysdifferent.
WhentheywillleaveforLondonandhowtheywillgohavenotbeendecidedyet.
7.8主谓一致的补充说明
1)如果单数名词前有manya,each,every,morethanone等修饰时
谓语动词必须用单数。
Eachmanandeachwomanisaskedtohelp.
Manyaboywasdisappointedafterseeingthefilm.
Morethanonepersonisinjuredintheaccident.
2)“therebe”结构的主谓一致
遵循“就近原则”。
谓语的单、复数由紧跟be后面的这个名词的数决定。
Therearesomeoldmagazinesandafootballunderthebed.
Thereisafootballandsomeoldmagazinesunderthebed.
3)oneof…和the(only)oneof…结构中的主谓一致
oneof…之后定语分句中的动词通常采用复数形式,因为此时关系代词的先行词是of之后的那个复数名词或代词而不是one。
而the(only)oneof…后定语分句中的动词只用单数形式,因为此时关系代词的先行词是the(only)one,而不是of后面的那个复数名词或代词。
HeisoneofthosestudentswhospeakperfectEnglish.
HeistheonlyoneofthosestudentswhospeaksperfectEnglish.
练习
1.Theownerandeditorofthenewspaper______theconference.(2002年6月)
A)istoattendB)weretoattend
C)aretoattendD)wereattending
2.Thiskindofglassesmanufacturedbyexperiencedcraftsmen______comfortably.(2000年1月)
A)iswornB)wearsC)wearingD)areworn
3.Whathewants______nothingbutanapple.
A)isB)areC)beD)were
4.Thepoor______toreceiveaidsfromthegovernment.
A)isentitledB)areentitled
C)entitlesD)entitled
5.Fiftyminutes______longenoughformetogetthemealready.
A)areB)beC)isD)were
6.Everymeans______.
A)havebeentriedB)havetried
C)weretriedD)hasbeentried
7.Ninetypeople______ahugeparty.
A)meansB)meanC)aremeaningD)ismeant
8.Neitheryounorhe______anythingaboutit.
A)knowB)knowsC)isknownD)areknown
9.Thecompany,who______theirlosses,arediscussinganimportantproblem.
A)iscuttingB)arecuttingC)cutsD)hascut
10.Thecompany,which______inthesuburbs,hasmorethan200employees.
A)locateB)locatesC)arelocatedD)islocated
11.Thepolice______thatthesuspecthasbeenarrested.
A)sayB)saysC)hassaidD)hadsaid
12.TheChinesepeople______agreatpeople.
A)areB)beC)isD)were
13.Allthefurnitureintheoffice______old-fashioned.
A)areB)wereC)beD)is
14.Thescissors______sosharpthatIlikethem.
A)areB)isC)beingD)was
15.Allhisearnings______.
A)hasbeenspentB)hasspent
XX文库-让每个人平等地提升自我C)havebeenspentD)havespent
16.Politics______inalluniversitiesinChina.
A)isnowtaughtB)arenowtaught
C)isnowteachingD)teaches
17.Eachboyandgirl______eagertoservethepeopleinthefuture.
A)areB)isC)beD)being
18.Manyavisitor______bytheworker’sstory.
A)weredeeplymovedB)deeplymoved
C)deeplymovingD)wasdeeplymoved
19.Morethanonecadre______inthescandalofcorruption.
A)areinvolvedB)isinvolved
C)involveD)involves
20.Thegreatscholarandpoet______dead.
A)areB)isC)wereD)havebeen
21.TheChineseteacherandclassadviser______ayoungmangraduatedfromafamousuniversity.
A)isB)areC)beD)were
22.Breadandbutter______myfavoritebreakfast.
A)areB)wasC)beingD)be
23.Thegirlaswellastheboys______todriveacar.
A)havelearntB)learn
C)learnsD)haslearnt
24.Everyonebutyou______tosetoutearly.
A)agreeB)haveagreed
C)hasagreedD)isagreeing
25.Itisnotyouwho______.
A)areembarrassedB)isembarrassed
C)embarrassedD)isembarrassing
26.Heisoneofthestudentswho______fluentEnglish.
A)speaksB)spokeC)speakD)isspeaking
27.As______before,grammarisnotasetofdeadrules.
A)weresaidB)hasbeensaid
C)havebeensaidD)besaid
28.Fortypercentofthefarmland______.
A)hasbeenpollutedB)havebeenpolluted
C)pollutesD)polluted
29.Abunchofredroses______toherasabirthdaygift.
A)werepresentedB)waspresented
C)presentsD)presented
30.Togettherebytrain______abouthalfanhour.
A)takeB)wastakingC)takingD)takes
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