英语六级阅读讲义.docx
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英语六级阅读讲义.docx
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英语六级阅读讲义
大学英语六级阅读讲义
第一部分(补充阅读)
Text1
Aristotlewrotethatmencometogetherincitiestolive,butstayinthemtolivethegoodlife.ItwastheGreekswhoinventedtheideaofthecity,andurbanitycontinuesasathrivingtradition.Butinthefirstdecadeofthe21stcentury,urbanlifeischanging.“Citiesarenowjunctionsintheflowsofpeople,information,financeandfreight,”saysNigelHarris,aprofessorofdevelopmentplanning.“They’relessandlessplaceswherepeopleliveandwork.”
TheenlargementoftheEuropeanUnioninDecemberin2002hasgivenresidentsofupto13newmembernationsfreedomofmovementwithinitsborders.Atthesametime,anadditional13.5millionimmigrantsayearwillbeneededintheEUjusttokeepastableratiobetweenworkersandpensionersoverthenexthalfcentury.AllthismobilitywillmakeEurope’scitiesnodesofnomadism,linkedtoeachotherbyhigh-speedtrainsandcheapairlineflights.ThebustlearoundairportsandtrainstationswillmakethecrowdsinEurope’sgreatpiazzalookthinbycomparison.Urbandesigners,withafreshlyprickedinterestintransienceratherthanstasis,areevennowdreamingupcityscapesthatfocusonflowsofpeopleandfungibleusesforbuildings.
Publicspacesaredueforarevamp.Earlierarchitectsconceivedoftrainstationsassinglebuildings;today’sdesignersarethinkingofthemastransitzonesthatlinktothecityaroundthem,pouringtravelersintobusstationsandsurroundingshops,InAmsterdam,urbanplannerBenvanBerkel,co-directorofthedesignfirmofUNStudio,hasdevelopedwhathecallsDeepPlanningStrategy,whichinvertsthetraditional“top-down”approach:
thecreationofaspacecomesbeforetheflowofpeoplethroughit.With3-Dmodelingandanimation,he’sabletolookatdifferentpopulationgroupsusepublicspacesatdifferenttimesoftheday.Heusesthedatatodesignspacesthataccommodatemobsatrushhourandsparsercrowdsatothertimes.
ThegrowingmobilityofEuropehasinspiredadebateaboutthelookandfeelofurbansprawl.“Upuntilnow,allourculturalheritagehasbeenconcentratedinthecitycenter,”notesProf.HeinrichModingoftheGermanInstituteofUrbanAffairs.“Butwe’vegottoimaginehowit’spossibletohavejoyfulvibrancyintheseoutlyingparts,sothatthey’renotjustaboutgarages,highwaysandgasolinetanks.”Thedesignsofnewbuildingarealsochangingtoanticipatetheemergingcityasawaystation.Buildingshavebeenseenasdisconnecting,isolating,defining.Butincreasingly,thequalityofspacethat’sindemandismovement.
Text2
Pain,unfortunately,isahorriblenecessityoflife.Itprotectspeoplebyalertingthemtothingsthatmightinjurethem.Butsomelong-termpainhasnothingtodowithanyobviousinjury.Oneestimatesuggeststhatoneinsixadultssufferfroma“chronicpain”condition.
SteveMcMahon,apainresearcheratKing’sCollege,London,saysthatifskinisdamaged,forinstancewithahotiron,anareaofsensitivitydevelopsaroundtheoutsideoftheburnwherealthoughuntouchedandundamagedbytheironthebehaviorofthenervefibersisdisrupted.Asaresult,heightenedsensitivityandabnormalpainsensationsoccurinthesurroundingskin.Chronicpain,hesays,maysimilarlybecausednotbydamagetothebody,butbecauseweakpainsignalsbecomeamplified.
Thiswouldalsohelpexplainwhychronicpainssuchaslower-backpainandosteoarthritisfailtorespondwelltotraditionalpaintherapies.Butnowanentirelynewkindofdrug,calledTanezumab,hasbeendeveloped.Itisanantibodyforaproteincallednervegrowthfactor(NGF),whichisvitalfornewnervegrowthduringdevelopment.NGF,itturnsout,isalsocrucialintheregulationofthesensitizationofpaininchronicconditions.
KennethVerburg,oneoftheresearchersinvolvedinthedevelopmentofTanezumabatPfizer,saysitisnotexactlyclearwhatroleNGFplaysinnormalphysiology,butafteraninjurywhichinvolvestissuedamageandinflammation,levelsofNGFincreasedramatically.NGFseemstobeinvolvedintransmittingthepainsignal.Asaconsequence,blockingNGFreduceschronicpain.
Tanezumabmuststillcompletethefinalstagesofclinicaltrialsbeforeitcanbecomeaweaponinthetoolkitforreducinghumansuffering.Butunexpectedpainsdonotalwayscomefromthebody.AccordingtoIreneTracey,apainresearcherattheUniversityofOxford,howpainisexperiencedalsodependsuponaperson’sstateofmind.Ifsuccessivepatientssufferthesameburn,theextenttowhichithurtswilldependonwhetheroneisanxious,depressed,happyordistracted.
Suchideasarebeingexploredwithbrainscanswhichsuggestthatevenifalowlevelofpainisbeingsenttothebrain,thesignalcanbeturnedupbythe“mind”itself.Indeed,patientscanevenbetrickedintofeelingpain.
Inoneexperimentvolunteersweregivenapowerfulanalgesicandsubjectedtoapainfulstimulus—which,becauseoftheanalgesic,theycouldnotfeel.Thentheyweretoldthedrughadwornoff(althoughithadnot),andsubsequentlycomplainedthatthestimulushurt.
Peoplecan,therefore,feelpainsimplybecauseitisexpected.Theycanfailtofeelpainforexactlythesamereasons,forexamplewhentheyaregivenplacebosoraredistracted.Butalthoughpainmaybesubjective,thatdoesnotmeanthefinalexperienceiscontrolledsolelybythemind.
ArecentpaperinProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofScienceshasshownthatgenesplayaroleindeterminingsensitivitytopain.Onegene,knownasSCN9A,codesforaproteinthatallowsthechannelsalongwhichnervesignalsaretransmittedtoremainactiveforlongerandthustransmitmorepainsignals.Itseemslikelythatthisproteinwillattractagreatdealmoreanalgesicresearch.VariationsinSCN9Amayalsoexplainwhysomepatientspreferdifferentclassesofpainkillers.
Althoughpainmaybeahorriblenecessity,thereisnodoubtthathumanitycouldcopewithfarlessofthechronicsort.Understandinghowthemind,thebodyandpeople’sgenesinteracttocausepainshouldbringmorerelief.
Text3
Morethan41mAmericanstunedinonMarch7thtowatch“TheHurtLocker”wintheawardforbestpictureattheOscars,theannualritualofglitzthatremindstheworldthatHollywoodistheglobalcentreofthefilmandentertainmentindustry.“TheHurtLocker”,however,wasfilmedinJordan,notHollywood.PerhapsthatisasitshouldbeforafilmsetinIraq.Butwhatabout“Battle:
LosAngeles”?
Hittingcinemasnextyear,itisafilmaboutmarinesfightinganalieninvasion.AnditisbeingshotinLouisiana.
Californiahasbeenworryingabout“runawayproduction”since1998,whenCanadabeganluringproducersandtheircrewsawayfromLosAngeleswithtaxbreaks.Otherplacesfollowed,andallbutsevenAmericanstatesandterritoriesand24othercountriesnowoffer,orarepreparingtooffer,rebates,grantsortaxcreditsthatcut20%,30%oreven40%ofthecostofshootingamovie.
Theseincentiveshavebecomeahugefactorinchoosingwheretoshootafilm.Hollywoodtypesareusedtogoingonlocation,saysAmyLemisch,thedirectoroftheCaliforniaFilmCommission,astatebodythattriestoretainfilmproduction.Thesedays,shesays,producersfirstcomparetheincentivesofferedbythedifferentlocationsandonlythenlookattheirscriptstoseewhichoftheplacesontheshortlistmakesense.California’sworldshareofstudiofilms(ie,thosemadebythesixbiggeststudios)droppedfrom66%in2003to34%in2008,sheestimates,andhasfallenfurthersincethen.
Thedeclineinmovie-shootingwouldhavebeenevenfasterifCaliforniahadnot,lastJuly,alsogotintothegameofgivingoutincentives.TenfeaturefilmswhichwouldotherwisehavebeenmadeoutsidethestatewerefilmedinLosAngelesinthesecondhalfof2009purelybecauseofthisfinancialaid.ButCalifornia’sincentivesarerelativelymodest,saysMsLemisch,andaresettoexpirein2014.
Itmayseemstrangethatevenstateswithbudgetcrises,suchasMichigan,NewYorkorCalifornia,choosetomaketheirdeficitsworsewithsuchgiveaways—andinMichiganthetaxcreditshaveindeedbecomecontroversial.Butstatesandcountriesareenthusiasticabouthostingfilmcrews,forgoodreason.Withnofactoriestobuild,theeconomicbenefitisinstantaneous.JackKyserattheLosAngelesCountyEconomicDevelopmentCorporationestimatesthattheaveragefilm(withabudgetof$32m)leadsto141jobsdirectly,fromcatererstomake-upartists,andanother425jobsindirectly.Anditgenerates$4.1minsalestaxesandincometaxes.
Evenwithitsfilmschoolsandarmiesofcameramenandextras,therefore,Hollywoodisnotquiteasunshakableasitoncethought.Thebusinessoffilm-makingmaysplit,saysMsLemisch,withthelawyers,agentsandothersuitsstayingintheirBrentwoodandBelAirvillas,andthecrewsdecamping.Everytimeafilmisshotinanotherstate,moreover,thelocalspickupskillsthatmakesubsequentshootseasier.InasignofhowdesperateLosAngelesisbecoming,thecityisnowconsideringofferingitsmosttreasuredresourcetocrewmembersatnocharge:
parkingplaces.
第二部分(新题型)
Text1
Graduatinghighschoolseniorslookingtoentertheworkforceandotherhighschoolstudentssearchingforsummerjobsarefacingatighterjobmarketthisyearastheoncered-hotU.S.economycontinuestocool.Nationally,thejoblessratefor16-to19-year-oldscontinuestorise.Theunemploymentrateforteenagershit14.2percentinApril,comparedwith12.8percentlastyear,accordingtotheU.S.DepartmentofLabor.
“It’sveryobviousthatit’sgoingtobealittleharderthissummer,becausebusinessesaremuch
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