商概定义.docx
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商概定义.docx
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商概定义
ChapterOne
1.Business:
organizationsthatprovidegoodsorservicestoearnprofits.
2.Profits:
thedifferencebetweenabusiness’srevenueandexpenses,encouragingpeopletoopenandexpandbusiness.
3.Economicsystem:
anation’ssystemforallocatingitsresourcesamongitscitizens,bothindividualsandorganizations.
4.Factorsofproduction:
theresourcesthatacountry’sbusinessesusetoproducegoodsandservices.
5.Labor(humanresources):
thephysicalandintellectualcontributionspeoplemakewhileengagedintheeconomicproduction.
6.Capital:
thefinancialresourcesneededtooperateanenterprise.
7.Entrepreneur:
anindividualwhoacceptstherisksandopportunitiesentailedbycreatingandoperatinganewbusiness.
8.Physicalresources:
tangiblethingsthatorganizationsusetoconducttheirbusiness.
9.Informationresources:
marketforecasts,specializedknowledgeofthepeople,andtheeconomicdata.
10.Plannedeconomy:
reliesonacentralgovernmenttocontrolallormostfactorsofproductionandtomakeallormostproductionandallocationdecisions.
11.Marketeconomy:
individualproducerandconsumerscontrolproductionandallocationbycreatingthecombinationsofdemandandsupply.
12.Market:
amechanismforexchangebetweenthebuyersandsellersofaparticulargoodorservice.
13.Inputmarket:
firmsbuyresourcesfromhouseholds,whicharethusresourcesuppliers.
14.Outputmarket:
firmssupplygoodsandservicesinresponsetohouseholddemand.
15.Capitalism:
sanctionstheprivateownershipofthefactionsofproductionandencouragesentrepreneurshipbyofferingprofitsasanincentive.
16.Mixedmarketeconomy:
featurescharacteristicsofbothplannedandmarketeconomies.
17.Privatization:
theprocessofconvertingthegovernmententerprisesintoprivatelyownedcompanies.
18.Socialism:
thegovernmentownsandoperatesselectedmajorindustries.
19.Demand:
thewillingnessandabilityofbuyerstopurchaseproducts.
20.Supply:
thewillingnessandabilityofproducertoofferagoodoraserviceforsale.
21.Demandandsupplyschedule:
revealtherelationshipsamongdifferentlevelsofdemandandsupplyatdifferentpricelevel.
22.Marketprice(equilibriumprice):
thepriceatwhichthequantityofgoodsdemandedandthequantityofgoodssuppliedareequal.
23.Surplus:
thequantitysuppliedexceedsthequantitydemanded.
24.Shortage:
thequantitydemandedisgreaterthanthequantitysupplied.
25.Privateenterprise:
allowsindividualstopursuetheirowninterestswithminimalgovernmentrestriction.(requiringprivatepropertyrights,freedomofchoice,profits,andcompetition)
26.Competition:
twoormorebusinessesvieforthesameresourcesorcustomers.
27.Perfectcompetition:
(1)allfirmsinanindustrymustbesmall
(2)thenumberoffirmsintheindustrymustbelarge.Nosinglefirmispowerfulenoughtoinfluencethepriceofitsproduct.Pricesaredeterminedbysuchmarketforcesassupplyanddemand.
28.Monopolisticcompetition:
therearemanybuyersandsellerstryingtomakeproductsatleastseemtodifferfromthoseofcompetitors.Businessescanenterandleavethemarketeasily.
29.Oligopoly:
sellersarequitelarge.Theentryofnewcompetitorsishardbecauselargecapitalinvestmentisneeded.
30.Monopoly:
anindustryormarkethasonlyoneproducer.
31.Naturalmonopoly:
acompanycanmostefficientlysupplyallneededgoodsorservices.
32.Businesscycle:
thepatternofshort-termupsanddowns(expansionandcontraction)inaneconomy.
33.Aggregateoutput:
thetotalquantityofgoodsandservicesproducedbyaneconomicsystemduringagivenperiodoftime.
34.Standardofliving:
thetotalquantityandqualityofgoodsandservicesthatpeoplecanpurchasewiththecurrencyusedintheireconomicsystem.
35.GDP:
thetotalvalueofallgoodsandservicesproducedwithinagivenperiodofbyanationaleconomythroughthefactorsofproduction.
36.NominalGDP:
measuredincurrentdollarsorwithallcomponentsvaluedatcurrentprices.
37.RealGDP:
adjustedforinflationandchangesincurrencyvalue.
38.Productivity:
ameasureofeconomicgrowththatcompareshowmuchasystemproduceswiththeresourcesneededtoproduceit.
39.Balanceoftrade:
theeconomicvalueofalltheproductsthatacountryexportsminustheeconomicvalueofitsimportedgoods.
40.Nationaldebt:
theamountofmoneythatthegovernmentowesitscreditors.
41.Stability:
aconditioninwhichtheamountofmoneyinaneconomicsystemandthequantityofgoodsandservicesproducedinitaregrowingataboutthesamerate.
42.Inflation:
theamountofmoneyinjectedintoaneconomyoutstripstheincreaseinactualoutput,causingawidespreadpriceincreasethroughouttheeconomicsystem.
43.CPI:
ameasureofthepricesoftypicalproductspurchasedbyconsumerslivinginurbanareas.
44.Inflationrate=changeinpriceindex/initialpriceindex
45.Unemployment:
thelevelofjoblessnessamongpeopleactivelyseekingworkinaneconomicsystem.
46.Recession:
morepreciselydefinedasaperiodduringwhichaggregateoutput,asmeasuredbyrealGDP,declines.Aprolongedanddeeprecessionisadepression.
47.Fiscalpolicies:
concerningthewayofcollectingandspendingthegovernment’srevenues.
48.Monetarypolicies:
focusoncontrollingthesizeofthenation’smoneysupply.
49.Stabilizationpolicies:
consistoffiscalpoliciesandmonetarypolicies,whosegoalistosmoothoutfluctuationsinoutputandunemploymentandtostabilizeprices.
ChapterTwo
1.Ethics:
beliefsaboutwhatisrightandwrongorgoodandbad.
2.Ethicalbehaviors:
individualbeliefsandsocialnormsaboutwhatisrightandgood.
3.Managerialethics:
thestandardsofbehaviorthatguideindividualmanagersintheirwork.
4.Socialresponsibility:
theoverallwayinwhichabusinessitselftriestobalanceitscommitmentstorelevantgroupsandindividuals.(towardtheenvironment,customers,employeesandinvestors)
5.Organizationalstakeholders:
thosegroups,individualsandorganizationsthataredirectlyaffectedbythepracticesofanorganizationand,therefore,haveastakeinitsperformance.
6.Consumerism:
socialactivismdedicatedtoprotectingtherightsofconsumersintheirdealingswithbusinesses.Consumershavearighttosafeproducts,beinformedaboutallrelevantaspectsofaproduct,tobeheard,tochoosewhattheybuy,tobeeducatedaboutpurchase,tocourteousservice.
7.Collusion:
twoormorefirmsagreetocollaborateonsuchwrongfulactssuchaspricefixing.
8.Whistle-blower:
anemployeewhodiscoversandtriestoputanendtoacompany’sunethical,illegal,orsocialirresponsibleactionsbypublicizingthem.
9.Checkkiting:
writingacheckagainstmoneythathasnotyetarrivedatthebankonwhichitisdrawn.
10.Insidertrading:
someoneusingconfidentialinformationtogainfromthepurchaseorsaleofstocks.
11.Obstructioniststance:
doaslittleaspossibletosolvesocialorenvironmentalproblems.Firmsthatadoptthispositionwillgenerallygotogreatlengthtohidewrongdoing.
12.Defensivestance:
doeverythingthatisrequiredofitlegallybutnothingmore.
13.Accommodativestance:
meetsitslegalandethicalrequirementsbutwillalsogofurtherinsomecases.
14.Proactivestance:
viewthemselvesascitizensinasocietyandseekopportunitytocontribute.
ChapterThree
1.SBA:
reliesontwofactors,numbersoremployeesandtotalannualsales.
2.Smallbusiness:
independentlyownedandmanagedanddoesnotdominateitsmarket.
3.Businessplan:
theentrepreneursummarizesbusinessstrategyforthenewventureandshowshowitwillbeimplemented.
3.1Settinggoalsandobjectives:
abusinessplandescribesthematchbetweentheentrepreneur’sabilitiesandexperiencesandtherequirementsforproducingand/ormarketingaparticularproduct.
3.2Revenueforecasting:
themostimportantone.
3.3Financialplanning:
theentrepreneur’splanforturningallotheractivitiesintodollars.
4.Venturecapitalcompanies:
groupsofsmallinvestorsseekingtomakeprofitsoncompanieswithrapidgrowthpotential.Theyinvestcompaniesforpartialownershipinsteadoflendingmoney.
5.Small-businessinvestmentcompanies(SBICs):
federallylicensedtoborrowmoneyfromtheSBAandtoinvestitintolendittosmallbusinesses.
6.Unlimitedliability:
liableforalldebtsincurredbythebusiness.
7.Soleproprietorship:
ownedandusuallyoperatedbyoneperson.(freedom,easytoform,lowstart-upcostsandthetaxbenefit)
8.Generalpartnership:
themostcommontype.Itisasoleproprietorshipmultipliedbythenumberofpartner-owners.(Thepartnershipagreementisstrictlyaprivatedocument.Partnershipsarenotlegalentities,noindependentlegalstanding.)
9.Limitedpartnership:
limitedpartnersinvestmoneyandalsoliablefordebtsonlytotheextentoftheirinvestmentbutdonottakeactiveroleintheoperation.Theremustbeatleastonegeneral(active)partner,mostlyforliabilitypurpose.
10.Corporation:
legalstatusasseparateentities,propertyrightsandobligations,andindefinitelifespan.
11.Tenderoffer:
anoffertobuysharesmadebyaprospectivebuyerdirectlytoacorporation’sshareholders----acorporationcanbetakenoveragainstthewillofitsmanagers.
12.Doubletaxation
13.Closelyheld(private)corporation
14.Publicheld(public)corporation
15.Scorporation(hybridofcloselyheldcorporationandpartnership,taxedonce)
16.Limitedliabilitycorporation(LLC)
17.Professionalcorporation(notimmunefromunlimitedliability)
18.Multinational(transnationalcorporation.)
19.Corporategovernance:
therolesofshareholders,directors,andothermanagersincorporatedeci
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