Lesson ThreeAt War with the plannet.docx
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Lesson ThreeAt War with the plannet.docx
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LessonThreeAtWarwiththeplannet
Part1(Para.1)
Thisistheintroductorypartinwhichtheauthorraisesthethemethatpeopleliveintwoworlds.
Para.1
1.Whatarethetwoworldsthatpeoplelivein?
Thetwoworldsrefertothenaturalworldandtheworldofhumancreation.
2.Whatisthecommon,unthinkingattitudetowardsthetwoworlds?
Theattitudeis-weareresponsibleforeventsofourownworld,butnotforwhatoccursinthenaturalworld.
PartII(Paras.2-5)
Inthispart,theauthorexplainswhythetwoworldsareatwar.
Para.2
3.Now,onaplanetaryscale,thisdivisionhasbeenbreached.
Whydoestheauthorsayso?
Globally,thetwoworldsarenolongerseparated,havingnothingtodowitheachother.
Whathumansdointhetechnospherewillhaveeffectontheecosphere.Thisisatransitionalsentence,linkingupthefollowingpartwiththefirstparagraph.Italsoleadstofurtherexplanationoftheinteractionbetweenthetwoworlds.
4.…evendroughts,floods,andheatwavesmaybecomeunwittingactsofman.
(1)Whatpeopledomayunintentionallycausedroughts,floodsandheatwaves.
(2)Doyouthinkthisisacorrectstatement?
Yes.Forexample,inordertoreclaimland,ortogatherfirewood,peoplewouldcutdowntreesandbushes,thuscausingdeforestation.Withouttheprotectionofforests,therewillbefloods,droughtsandmudslides.
Para.3
5.LiketheCreation,theportendingglobaleventsarecosmic…
LiketheCreationoftheuniverse,eventsthathappeninthisworldmayhavevasteffects,especiallyontherelationshipbetweentheplanetEarthandthesun.
6.Solarradiation--largelyvisibleandultravioletlight---isavaststreamofenergythatbathestheEarth’ssurface
太阳能,主要是可见光和紫外线,是沐浴着大地表层且取之不尽、用之不竭的能量……
7.Solarenergyfuelstheenergy-requiringprocessesoflife;itcreatestheplanet’sclimateandgovernsthegradualevolutionandthecurrentbehavior0fitshugeandvariedpopulationoflivingthings.
(1)…solarenergyfuelstheenergy-requiringprocessesoflife…
Thephotosynthesisofplantsisacaseinpoint.
(2)Thecurrentbehaviorofmanyanimalsandplantsistheresultofclimatechangeovermillionsofyears.
8.Wehavebeentamperingwiththispowerfulforce,unaware,liketheSorcerer’sApprenticeofthepotentiallydisastrousconsequencesofouractions.
(1)tamperwith:
tointerfereormeddlewith,esp.todamageorcorrupt
(2)WhydoestheauthorsaythatwehavebeenbehavingliketheSorcerer’sApprentice?
ThatisbecausewehavebeendoingthingswithoutknowingthattheymayhaveseriouseffectsontheplanetEarth.
(3)我们一直在滥用这股强大的力量,就像传说中魔术师的徒弟一样,我们并没有意识到我们的这种行为很可能会导致灾难性的后果。
Para.4
9.WehavebecomeaccustomedtothenowmundaneimageoftheEarthasseenfromthefirstexpeditiontothemoon---abeautifulbluespheredecoratedbyswirlsoffleecyclouds.Itisaspectacularlynaturalobject;atthatdistance,noovertsignsofhumanactivityarevisible.Butthisimage,nowrepeatedlythrustbeforeusinphotographs,posters,andadvertisements,ismisleading.
(1)Whatistheauthor’sviewoftheimage?
Theauthorthinksthattheimageisspectacularbutismisleading,becauseitfailstoshowhumandamagetotheEarth.
(2)Butthisimage,nowrepeatedlythrustbeforeusinphotographs,posters,andadvertisements,ismisleading.
TheEarthweseeinphotos,posters,andads,whichappearssobeautiful,isnotthetruereflectionoftheworldwelivein;suchimagelullsUSintocomplacency.
10.Eveniftheglobalwarmingcatastrophenevermaterializes,andtheozoneholeremainsanesoteric,polarphenomenon,alreadyhumanactivityhasprofoundlyalteredglobalconditionsinwaysthatmaynotregisteronthecamera.
即使全球变暖这种灾难永不发生,即使臭氧空洞仍然只是一种深奥的极地现象,人类活动也已极大地改变了全球条件,这些也许是照相机拍不出来的。
11.…Noxiousflamesofsmogblanketovermajorcities…
(1)smog:
alow-lying.Perceptiblelayerofpollutedair
(2)blanket:
tocoverwithathick1ayer
12.…carcinogenicsyntheticpesticideshavebeendetectedinmother’smilkallovertheworld..Testsofmother’smilkallovertheworldshowtheexistenceofsyntheticpesticidewhichmightcausecancer.Thisindicatesthatmothershaveeatenfoodwithresiduesofsyntheticpesticide.
13….greatforestshavebeencutdown,destroyingecologicalnichesandtheirresidentspecies.ecologicalnichesandtheirresidentspecies:
生态小环境及生活在小环境中的物种
Para.5
14.Clearly,weneedtounderstandtheinteractionbetweenourtwoworlds:
thenaturalecosphere,thethinglobalskinofair,water,andsoilandtheplantsandanimalsthatliveinit,andtheman-madetechnosphere---powerfulenoughtodeservesograndioseaterm.
Whatistheauthor’sdefinitionoftheecosphere?
Accordingtotheauthor,theecospherereferstotheair,water,andsoilthatcoverthe
Earthandtheplantsandanimalsthatliveonit.
15.Thetechnospherehasbecomesufficientlylargeandintensetoalterthenaturalprocessesthatgoverntheecosphere.
Humanactivitieshavetakenplaceoversuchlargeareasandwithsuchintensitythattheyhavealreadycauseddisastrouseffectsonecology.
16.…Catastrophicallydiminishingourabilitytoprovideforbasichumanneeds.
Frequentnaturaldisasters(causedbyorworsenedbyhumandisruptionoftheecological
system)havereducedourabilitytosatisfytheneedsofpeopleonearth.
17.Thehumanattackontheecospherehasinstigatedanecologicalcounterattack.Thetwoworldsareatwar.
(1)Thisisthethemeoftheessay.Itsumsuptheargumentsinthepreviousparagraphs.
(2)Thehumanattackontheecospherehasinstigatedanecologicalcounterattack.
Theauthorisexpressingtheideainametaphoricalway.Theresponseoftheecosphereiscomparedtoacounterattack.
PartIII(Paras.6—9)
Thispartdealswiththefirstlawoftheecosphereandthelawgoverningtherelationshipbetweenman-madeobjectsandthesurroundings.
Para.6
18.Thetwospheresinwhichwelivearegovernedbyverydifferentlaws.
Thisstatementleadstothecomparisonofdifferentlawsandtherootofthewar.
19.Oneofthebasiclawsoftheecospherecanbesummedupas“Everythingisconnectedtoeverythingelse.”
Whatisthefirstlawthatgovernstheecosphere?
Thefirstlawisthatinecosphere,everycomponentisrelatedtoothercomponents,thusforminganelaboratenetwork.
20.Thus,inanaquaticecosystemafishisnotonlyafish,theparentofotherfish…
因此,在海洋生态系统中,鱼不仅是鱼,也不仅是其他鱼的生育者……
21….Itisalso…thehabitatofparasites;thefishhawk’sprey.
(1)thehabitatofparasites.寄生虫的栖息地
(2)thefishhawk’sprey:
鱼鹰的猎食对象
22.Thefishisnotonly,existentially,afish,butalsoanelementofthisnetwork,whichdefinesitsfunctions.
(1)existentiallyinthelivingfactofthecase
(2)Thefunctionofthefishisdeterminedbytheroleitplaysintheecologicalnetwork.
23.Indeed,intheevolutionarysense,agoodpartofthenetworkthemicroorganismsand
plants,forexample---precededthefish,whichcouldestablishitselfonlybecauseitfitted
properlyintothepreexistingsystem.
Thefishcouldplayitsrolebecauseitbecameanecessarylinkwiththeprocessesprecedingitandtheprocessesfollowingitintheecologicalsystem.
Para.7
24.Acar,forexample,imposesitselfontheneighborhoodratherthanbeingdefinedbyit...
Acardoesnotrespondtoitsenvironmentbutinsistsonitsownneedsbeingmet.
25.Howdoestheauthordefinethelawgoverningthetechnosphereascontrastedtothefirstlaw
ofecosphere?
Theauthorpointsoutthatinthetechnosphereanobjectisproducedforsale,withlittleregardforeithersphere.Heusesthecarasexample.Itisproducedtopleasethebuyerandprofittheproducer,withoutregardfortheenvironment.
Para.8
26.Definedsonarrowly,itisnosurprisethatcarshavepropertiesthatarehostiletotheirenvironment.
(1)Thissentencebeginswith“definedsonarrowly”inordertolinkupwiththelastsentence
ofthepreviousparagraphwhichsaysthatcrowdedstreetshavebeenafflictedwith
automobilesdesignedtopleasethebuyerandprofittheproducer.
(2)Whencarsareproducedtoservesuchnarrowpurposes.itisnotsurprisingthatsomeof
theircharacteristicqualitiesareharmfultotheenvironment.
(3)property:
anattribute,quality,orcharacteristic,especiallyasdeterminedbyitseffect
onanothersubstance
Para.9
27.Asaman-madeobject,thefarmisdesignedforthesolepurposeofproducingcrops.Guidebythatpurpose,afterWorldWarIIagronomistsurgedtheincreasinglyheavyapplicationof
chemicalnitrogenfertilizer.
(1)WhatwastheproposalofagronomistsafterWorldWarII?
Why?
Theyurgedthefarmerstousemorechemicalnitrogenfertilizerbecauseitwouldincreaseproduction.
(2)agronomist:
农学家
28.Yieldsrose,butnotinproportiontotherateoffertilizerapplication...
Thefarmersappliedmoreandmorechemicalfertilizer,butproductiondidnotincreaseatthesamerate.‘
29.…yearbyyear,lessandlessoftheappliedfertilizerwastakenupbythecropand
progressivelymoredrainedthroughthesoilintogroundwater,intheformofnitratesthat
contaminatedriver,lakes,andwatersupplies.
(1)Howdoesfertilizercausepollution?
Whenthesoilissaturatedwithnitrogenfertilizer,itcannottakeinmoreSOtheexcess
fertilizerfindsitswayintoundergroundwater,thuscausingwaterpollution.
(2)progressively:
gradually;increasingly
PartIV(Paras.10一11)
Thispartdealswiththeclosedcyclicalprocessofecosphereandthelinearprocessof
technosphere.
Para.10
30.Intheaquaticecosystem,forexample,theparticipatingchemicalelementsmovethrough
closedcyclicalprocesses.
closedcyclicalproces
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