business law相关名词英语解释.docx
- 文档编号:26175488
- 上传时间:2023-06-17
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:9
- 大小:20.58KB
business law相关名词英语解释.docx
《business law相关名词英语解释.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《business law相关名词英语解释.docx(9页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
businesslaw相关名词英语解释
internationallaw:
Thebodyofrulesandnormsthatregulatesactivitiescarriedonbeyondthelegalboundariesofasinglestate.
thesourcesofinternationallaw:
Treaties、Conventions、Custom(2basicelements:
Behavioral;Psychological.)、GeneralPrinciples&Others
Comparison:
CivilLawSystemmostlyinfluencedbyRomanLaw、GermanicTribalLaw、CanonLaw&LawMerchant.CommonLawSystemMostlyinfluencedbyCustomaryPracticeoftheCourtsinEngland、RomanLaw、CanonLaw&LawMerchant.History&Distribution.
StateResponsibility:
Theliabilityofastatefortheinjuriesthatitcausestoaliensandforeignbusinesses.
DoctrineofImputability:
Iftheactsaredonebyofficialsofacountrywithintheirapparentauthority,including:
Actswithinthescopeofanofficial’sauthority,Actsoutsidetheirscopeofauthoritywhenthestateprovidesthemeansorfacilitiestoaccomplishtheacts.PS:
Non-imputableActs—Actsofprivatepersons—Actsofofficialsofotherstatesorinternationalorganization—Actsofinsurrectionaries—Stateterrorism.
StandardofCare:
Nationalstandardofcare(ThirdWorldCountries)—Treatingaliensasthesameasnationals.Internationalstandardofcare(MostWesternCountries)-Thestateisresponsibleforinjuringalienswhenitsconductviolatestheinternationalnorms.
Objections:
LackofStanding:
Objectionthatmaybemadetoaninternationaltribunal’sexerciseofjurisdictionwhenaplaintiffisnotqualifiedtobeappearbeforethecourt.
LackofNationality:
Objectionthatmaybemadetoaninternationaltribunal’sexerciseofjurisdictionwhenstatebringingsuitisdongsoonbehalfofapersonwhoisnotanationalofthatstate.
LackofaGenuineLink⑤Others
④FailuretoExhaustRemedies:
Objectionthatmaybemadetoaninternationaltribunal’sexerciseofjurisdictionwhentheprivatepersononwhosebehalfthesuitisbrought,failedtoseekrelieffromdefendantstate.
InvestmentRisks:
Expropriation(bothoutright&creeping)、CurrencyInconvertibility、PoliticalViolence.
Agencies:
Privateinsurers—Nationalinvestmentguaranteeprogram,eg.OPIC—Multilateralinvestmentguaranteeagency,eg.MIGA
DisputeSettlementthroughDiplomacy:
Negotiation:
Theprocessofreachinganagreementbyconferringordiscussing.
Mediation:
Bringingaboutapeacefulsettlementorcompromisebetweenpartiestoadisputethroughthebenevolentinterventionofanimpartialthirdparty.
GoodOffices:
Athirdpartywhoprovidesthemeansbywhichdisputingpartiesmaycommunicatewitheachother.
Conciliation:
Theprocessofanimpartialthirdpartymakesanindependentinvestigationandsuggestsasolutiontoadispute.
Inquiry:
Theprocesswhichanimpartialthirdpartymakesaninvestigationtodeterminethefactsunderlyingthedisputewithoutresolvingthedisputeitself.
DisputeSettlementOrgansofWTO:
DSB\DisputeSettlementPanel\AppellateBody
管辖原则:
incriminalcase
Territorialityprinciple:
Doctrinethatacourthascriminaljurisdictioniftheoffensewascommittedwithintheforumstate.
Nationalityprinciple:
Doctrinethatacourthascriminaljurisdictionifthedefendantisanationaloftheforumstate.
Protectiveprinciple:
Doctrinethatacourthascriminaljurisdictionifthenationalinterestisinjured.
④Universalityprinciple:
Doctrinethatacourthascriminaljurisdictioniftheforumstatehasthedefendantinthecustody.
⑤Passivepersonalityprinciple:
Doctrinethatacourthascriminaljurisdictionifthevictimisanationaloftheforumstate.
Jurisdictionincivilcases(jurisdictionoverperson/property)
Inpersonamjurisdiction:
Thepowerofacourtortribunaltodeterminetherightsofapartywhoappearbeforeit.
Inremjurisdiction:
Thepowerofacourttodeterminetheownershiprightsofpersonsastopropertylocatedwithintheforumstate.
国家免责
Sovereignorstateimmunity:
Doctrinethatmunicipalcourtsmustdeclinetohearsuitsagainstforeignsovereign.
Absolutesovereignimmunity:
Rulesthataforeignstateisimmunefromalltypesofsuits.
Restrictivesovereignimmunity:
Theorythataforeignstateisn’timmunewhenthecauseofactionforasuitisbasedonconductunrelatedtothestate’sgovernmentaldoctrinethattheactofagovernmentwithintheboundariesofitsownterritoryisn’tsubjecttojudicialscrutinyinaforeignmunicipalcourt.Acourtmunicipalcourtwilldeclinetohearadisputebasedonsuchactsiftodosowouldinterferewiththeconductoftheforumstate’sforeignpolicy.
选择法律:
Agreementofparties/Statutorychoice-of-lawprovision/Mostsignificantrelationship
Vestedrightsdoctrine:
Doctrinethatcourtsshouldapplythelawofthestatewheretherightsofthepartieslegallybecomeeffective.
Choice-of-lawclause:
Aprovisioninacontractdesignatingthestatewhosewhoselawwillgoverndisputesrelatingtothecontract.
Mostsignificantrelationship:
Doctrinethatcourtsshouldapplythelawofstatethathastheclosestandmostrealconnectionwithdispute.
Governmentalinterestdoctrine:
Doctrinethatholdsthatcourtsshouldapplythelawofthestatethathasthemostinterestindeterminingtheoutcomeofthedispute.
Forumnonconvenience:
Doctrinethatamunicipalcourtwilldeclinetohearadisputewhenitcanbebetterormoreconvenientheardinaforeigncountries.
商业组织形式:
SoleProprietorship:
abusinessentityestablishedwithitscapitalcontributedbyoneindividualanditsassetsownedpersonallybythesoleproprietor,whoassumesunlimitedliabilitytotheextentofhispersonalassetsCompany:
anassociationofpersonsorofcapitalorganizedforthepurposeofcarryingonacommercial,industrial,orsimilarenterprise
主要商业组织形式:
Partnerships:
APartnershipisacompanyoranassociationofatleast2personswhoco-own&manageabusinessandwhoareeachliabletothefullextentoftheirpersonalassetsforthedebts.Corporations:
ACorporationbothincivillaw&commonlawrefertoanindependentjuridicalentityownedbyitsinvestors-shareholders/memberswhousuallyhavelimitedliabilitiesSoleProprietorship
CharacteristicsofaPartnership:
1)Itisco-owned&managedbyitsinvestors-partners;
2)Itsprofits&lossesaresharedbythepartners;
3)Thepartnershaveunlimitedliabilities
4)Itisnotregardedasajuridicalpersoninmostcountries.
CharacteristicsofaCorporations:
1)Itisownedbyitsinvestors/shareholders/membersinaformofacertainnumberofshares/acertainamountofparticipation,whilemanaged
byprofessionaladministrators
2)Itsprofitsaresharedbytheinvestorsaccordingtotheamountoftheirrespectiveinvestment
3)Theownershavelimitedliability
4)Itisalwaysregardedasajuridicalpersonindependentfromitsowners
ArticleofIncorporation:
thebasicinstrumentcreatinganddefiningaparticularcorporationwhichisfiledwithastateagencyatthetimeofthefirm’sincorporation.
Memorandumofassociation:
aninstrumentcreatinganddescribingthebasicdetailsofaparticularcorporation,whichisfiledwithastateagencyatthetimeofthefirm’sincorporation.
Parshare:
Asharethatmaybesoldbyacompanyforatleastvalue.
Noparshare:
Asharethatmaybesoldbyacompanyforanyvalue.
Classifiedstock;stockthatiscategorizedaccordingtothepersonswhomayownitorbenefitsitgivesitsowner.
Preferredstock:
stocksthatbenefitsitsownersthatordinarystockholdersdon’thave.
Commonstock:
普通股是指在公司的经营管理和盈利及财产的分配上享有普通权利的股份
母国对公司:
unfaircompetitionlaw、productsliabilitylaws、sharppractices
东道国对公司;consenttothejurisdictionofthehoststate\commonenterprisesliability\piercingthecompanyveil
piercingthecompanyveil:
acompanyisaseparatelegalentitywillbesetasideandtheshareholdersofthecompanywillbeheldliableforitsconductasiftheywerepartnersinpartnership.
四种否定子公司独立法人地位的:
thecontrolledcompany\thealteregocompany\undercapitalization\personalassumptionliability
GATT994原则:
nondiscrimination\protectionthroughtariffs\transparency\regionalintegration
TheMost-Favored-NationRule:
最惠国待遇是贸易条约中的一项重要条款,其涵义是:
缔约一方现在和将来给予任何第三方的一切特权、优惠和豁免,也同样给予缔约对方。
其基本要求是使缔约一方在缔约另一方享有不低于任何第三方享有或可能享有的待遇。
TheNationalTreatmentRule:
onceimportedgoodsarewithintheterritoryofastate,thestatemusttreatthosegoodasthedomesticgoods.
DistinctionsfromAD&CVDmeasures:
Natureofunderlyingactivity
ADandCVDcounteract“unfair”tradepractices.Insafeguardcases,thereisnoissueofunfairness
Natureofinjuryvaries
ADandCVDrequireonlymaterialinjury,Safeguardsrequireseriousinjury
Natureofremedy
ADandCVDlimitedtotheamountofdumpingorsubsidization
Safeguardremediesmoreflexible
④Durationofremedy
ADandCVDcanlastforever,althoughtherearereevaluationseveryfiveyears.Safeguardmeasuresusuallyshorterinduration–oftenthreeyearstoavoidneedtocompensate
Exceptions:
general&securityexception
generalexception:
excusesthatallowaWTOmemberstatefromcomplyingwithitsGATTobligationsinorderforthestatetoprotectcertainessentialpublicpolicyobjectives.
securityexception:
excusesthatallowaWTOmemberstatefromcomplyingwithitsGATTobligationswhenthoseareinconflictwithitsessentialsecurityinterestsoritsdutiesundertheUnitedNationsCharter.
Customsvaluation:
transaction/deductive/computed/derivedvalue.
国家外资政策的目的:
promotinglocalproductivityandtechnologicaldevelopment/encouraginglocalparticipation/minimizingforeigncompetitionineconomicareasalreadywellservedbylocalbusinesses/
对外直接投资的限制:
limitationsonbusinessforms(Preference)
limitationsonforeignequity(sectorallimitations/geographiclimitations)
鼓励措施:
guaranteefornationalizationorexpropriationrepatriationguaranteenondiscriminationguarantee④stabilizationguarantee
repatriationguarantee:
th
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- business law相关名词英语解释 law 相关 名词 英语 解释