语言学第2章习题.docx
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语言学第2章习题.docx
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语言学第2章习题
Chapter2:
Phonology
I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:
1. VoicingisaphonologicalfeaturethatdistinguishesmeaninginbothChineseandEnglish.
2. Iftwophoneticallysimilarsoundsoccurinthesameenvironmentsandtheydistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.
3. Aphoneisaphoneticunitthatdistinguishesmeaning.
4. EnglishisatonelanguagewhileChineseisnot.
5. Inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting.
6. Ineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.
7. Articulatoryphoneticstriestodescribethephysicalpropertiesofthestreamofsoundswhichaspeakerissueswiththehelpofamachinecalledspectrograph.
8. Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantareas:
thethroat,themouthandthechest.
9. Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoicing.
10. Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofplaceofarticulationandthepartofthetonguethatisraisedthehighest.
11. Accordingtothemannerofarticulation,someofthetypesintowhichtheconsonantscanbeclassifiedarestops,fricatives,bilabialandalveolar.
12. Vowelsoundscanbedifferentiatedbyanumberoffactors:
thepositionoftongueinthemouth,theopennessofthemouth,theshapeofthelips,andthelengthofthevowels.
13. Accordingtotheshapeofthelips,vowelscanbeclassifiedintoclosevowels,semi-closevowels,semi-openvowelsandopenvowels.
14. Anysoundproducedbyahumanbeingisaphoneme.
15. Phonesarethesoundsthatcandistinguishmeaning.
16. Phonologyisconcernedwithhowthesoundscanbeclassifiedintodifferentcategories.
17. Abasicwaytodeterminethephonemesofalanguageistoseeifsubstitutingonesoundforanotherresultsinachangeofmeaning.
18. Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaphonemiccontrast.
19. Therulesgoverningthephonologicalpatterningarelanguagespecific.
20. Distinctivefeaturesofsoundsegmentscanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.
II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:
21. A____referstoastrongpuffofairstreamintheproductionofspeechsounds.
22. A___________phoneticsdescribesthewayourspeechorgansworktoproducethespeechsoundsandhowtheydiffer.
23. Thefoursounds/p/,/b/,/m/and/w/haveonefeatureincommon,,theyareallb_______sounds.
24.Ofallthespeechorgans,thet____isthemostflexible,andisresponsibleforvarietiesofarticulationthananyother.
25. Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofmannerofarticulationorintermsofp_______ofarticulation.
26. Whentheobstructioncreatedbythespeechorgansistotalorcomplete,thespeechsoundproducedwiththeobstructionaudiblyreleasedandtheairpassingoutagainiscalledas________.
27. S_________featuresarethephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments.Theyincludestress,tone,intonation,etc.
28. Therulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguagearecalleds ____rules.
29. Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithletter-symbolsonlyiscalledbroadtranscriptionwhilethetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacriticsiscalledn_________transcription.
30. Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasi_________.
31. P___________isadisciplinewhichstudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguageandhowsoundsarecombinedintomeaningfulunitstoeffectlinguisticcommunication.
32. Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantcavities:
thepharyngealcavity,theo_______cavityandthenasalcavity.
33. T_______arepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcordsandwhichcandistinguishmeaningjustlikephonemes.
34. Dependingonthecontextinwhichstressisconsidered,therearetwokindsofstress:
wordstressands_________stress.
III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachofthestatementsbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:
35.Ofallthespeechorgans,the_______is/arethemostflexible.
A.mouth B.lips C.tongue D.vocalcords
36.Thesoundsproducedwithoutthevocalcordsvibratingare____sounds.
A.voiceless B.voiced
C.vowel D.consonantal
37.__________isavoicedalveolarstop.
A./z/ B./d/
C./k/ D./b/
38. Theassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copying”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophones____________.
A.identical B.same
C.exactlyalike D.similar
39. Since/p/and/b/arephoneticallysimilar,occurinthesameenvironmentsandtheycandistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobe___________.
A.inphonemiccontrast B.incomplementarydistribution
C.theallophones D.minimalpair
40. Thesound/f/is_________________.
A.voicedpalatalaffricate B.voicedalveolarstop
C.voicelessvelarfricative D.voicelesslabiodentalfricative
41. A____vowelisonethatisproducedwiththefrontpartofthetonguemaintainingthehighestposition.
A.back B.central
C.front D.middle
42.Distinctivefeaturescanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalled____________.
A.phoneticcomponents B.immediateconstituents
C.suprasegmentalfeatures D.semanticfeatures
43.A(n)___________isaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue. Itisanabstractunit,acollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.
A.phone B.sound
C.allophone D.phoneme
44.Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledthe____ofthatphoneme.
A.phones B.sounds
C.phonemes D.allophones
Suggestedanswerstosupplementaryexercises
I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:
16.F 17.T 18.F 19.T 20.T
II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:
21.Aspiration 23. bilabial 24.tongue 25.place
26.stop 27.Suprasegmental 28.sequential29.narrow30.intonation
31.Phonology 32.oral 33.Tone 34.sentence
III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachofthestatementsbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:
IV.Definethetermsbelow:
45.phonology 46.phoneme
48.internationalphoneticalphabet
49.intonation 50.phonetics 51.auditoryphonetics
52.acousticphonetics 53.phone 54.phonemiccontrast 55.tone 56.minimalpair
V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:
57. Ofthetwomediaoflanguage,whydoyouthinkspeechismorebasicthanwriting?
58. Whatarethecriteriathatalinguistusesinclassifyingvowels?
59. Whatarethemajordifferencesbetweenphonologyandphonetics?
60. Illustratewithexampleshowsuprasegmentalfeaturescanaffectmeaning.
61. Inwhatwaycanwedeterminewhetheraphoneisaphonemeornot
Suggestedanswerstosupplementaryexercises
,
IV.Definethetermsbelow:
45.phonology:
Phonologystudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.
46.phoneme:
Thebasicunitinphonologyiscalledphoneme;itisaunitofdistinctivevalue.Butitisanabstractunit.Tobeexact,aphonemeisnotasound;itisacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.
47.allophone:
Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.
48.internationalphoneticalphabet:
Itisastandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscription.
49.intonation:
Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.
50.phonetics:
Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld'slanguages
51.auditoryphonetics:
Itstudiesthespeechsoundsfromthehearer'spointofview.Itstudieshowthesoundsareperceivedbythehearer.
52.acousticphonetics:
Itstudiesthespeechsoundsbylookingatthesoundwaves.Itstudiesthephysicalmeansbywhichspeechsoundsaretransmittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother.
53.phone:
Phonescanbesimplydefinedasthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.Aphoneis
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