语言学Chapter4课后练习答案汇编.docx
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语言学Chapter4课后练习答案汇编.docx
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语言学Chapter4课后练习答案汇编
Chapter4RevisionExercises
1.Whatissyntax?
Syntaxisabranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.
2.Whatisphrasestructurerule?
Thegrammaticalmechanismthatregulatesthearrangementofelements(i.e.specifiers,heads,andcomplements)thatmakeupaphraseiscalledaphrasestructurerule.
ThephrasestructuralruleforNP,VP,AP,andPPcanbewrittenasfollows:
NP→(Det)N(PP)...
VP→(Qual)V(NP)...
AP→(Deg)A(PP)...
PP→(Deg)P(NP)...
WecanformulateasinglegeneralphrasalstructuralruleinwhichXstandsfortheheadN,V,AorP.
TheXPrule:
XP→(specifier)X(complement)
3.Whatiscategory?
Howtodetermineaword’scategory?
Categoryreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb.
Todetermineaword'scategory,threecriteriaareusuallyemployed,namelymeaning,inflectionanddistribution.Themostreliableofdeterminingaword’scategoryisitsdistribution.
4.Whatiscoordinatestructureandwhatpropertiesdoesithave?
Thestructureformedbyjoiningtwoormoreelementsofthesametypewiththehelpofaconjunctioniscalledcoordinatestructure.
Ithasfourimportantproperties:
1)thereisnolimitonthenumberofcoordinatedcategoriesthatcanappearpriortotheconjunction.
2)acategoryatanylevel(aheadoranentireXP)canbecoordinated.
3)coordinatedcategoriesmustbeofthesametype.
4)thecategorytypeofthecoordinatephraseisidenticaltothecategorytypeoftheelementsbeingconjoined.
5.Whatelementsdoesaphrasecontainandwhatroledoeseachelementplay?
Aphraseusuallycontainsthefollowingelements:
head,specifierandcomplement.Sometimesitalsocontainsanotherkindofelementtermedmodifier.
Theroleeachelementcanplay:
Head:
Headisthewordaroundwhichaphraseisformed.
Specifier:
Specifierhasbothspecialsemanticandsyntacticroles.Semantically,ithelpstomakemoreprecisethemeaningofthehead.Syntactically,ittypicallymarksaphraseboundary.
Complement:
Complementsarethemselvesphrasesandprovideinformationaboutentitiesandlocationswhoseexistenceisimpliedbythemeaningofthehead.
Modifier:
Modifiersspecifyoptionallyexpressiblepropertiesoftheheads.
6.Whatisdeepstructureandwhatissurfacestructure?
Therearetwolevelsofsyntacticstructure.Thefirst,formedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththehead'ssubcategorizationproperties,iscalleddeepstructure(orD-structure).Thesecond,correspondingtothefinalsyntacticformofthesentencewhichresultsfromappropriatetransformations,iscalledsurfacestructure(orS-structure).
7.Indicatethecategoryofeachwordinthefollowingsentences.
a)Theoldladygotoffthebuscarefully.
DetANVPDetNAdv
b)Thecarsuddenlycrashedontotheriverbank.
DetNAdvVPDetN
c)Theblindingsnowstormmightdelaytheopeningoftheschools.
DetANAuxVDetNPDetN
d)Thisclothfeelsquitesoft.
DetNVDegA
8.Thefollowingphrasesincludeahead,acomplement,andaspecifier.Drawtheappropriatetreestructureforeachphrase.
a)richinminerals
AP
APP
richinminerals
b)oftenreaddetectivestories
VP
QualVNP
oftenreaddetectivestories
c)theargumentagainsttheproposals
NP
DetNPP
theargumentagainsttheproposals
d)alreadyabovethewindow
PP
DegPNP
alreadyabovethewindow
9.Thefollowingsentencescontainmodifiersofvarioustypes.Foreachsentences,firstidentifythemodifier(s),thendrawthetreesentences.
a)Acrippledpassengerlandedtheairplanewithextremecaution.
Modifiers:
crippled(AdjP),withextremecaution(PP)
S
NPInflVP
AP
DetANPstVNP
DetNPP
PNP
APN
A
Acrippledpassengerlandedtheairplanewithextremecaution
b)Ahugemoonhungintheblacksky.
Modifiers:
huge(AdjP),intheblacksky(PP)
S
NPInflVP
DetAPNPstVPP
APNP
DetAPN
Ahugemoonhungintheblacksky
c)Themanexaminedhiscarcarefullyyesterday.
Modifiers:
carefully(AdvP),yesterday(AdvP)
S
NPInflVP
DetNPstVNPAdvP
DetNAdvPAdv
Adv
Themanexaminedhiscarcarefullyyesterday
d)Awoodenhutnearthelakecollapsedinthestorm.
Modifiers:
wooden(AdjP),inthestorm(PP)
S
NPInflVP
DetAPNPPPstVPP
APNPPNP
DetNDetN
Awoodenhutnearthelakecollapsedinthestorm
10.Thefollowingsentencesallcontainconjoinedcategories.Drawatreestructureforeachofthesentences.
a)Jimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpants.
S
NPInflVP
NVNP
DetAPNConN
A
Jimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpants
b)Helenputonherclothesandwentout.
S
NPInflVP
NPstVPPConVPP
PNPP
DetN
Helenputonherclothesandwentout
c)Maryisfondofliteraturebuttiredofstatistics.
S
NPInflVP
NPreVAPConAP
APPAPP
PNPPNP
NN
Maryisfondofliteraturebuttiredofstatistics
11.Thefollowingsentencesallcontainembeddedclausesthatfunctionascomplementsofaverb,anadjective,aprepositionoranoun.Drawatreestructureforeachsentence.
a)YouknowthatIhatewar.
S
NPInflVP
NPreVNP
CP
CS
NPInflVP
NPNPreVNP
N
YouknowthatIhatewar
b)GerrybelievesthefactthatAnnaflunkedtheEnglishexam.
S
NPInflVP
NPreVNP
DetNCP-
CS
NPInflVP
NPNPstVNP
DetAPN
A
GerrybelievesthefactthatAnnaflunkedtheEnglishexam
c)ChriswashappythathisfatherboughthimaRolls-Royce.
S
NPInflVP
NPstVAP
ACP
CS
NPNPInflVP
DetNPstVNP
NDetN
ChriswashappythathisfatherboughthimaRoll-Royce
d)Thechildrenarguedoverwhetherbatshadwings.
S
NPInflVP
DetNPstVPP
PCP
CS
NPInflVP
NPluVNP
N
Thechildrenarguedoverwhetherbatshadwings
12.Eachofthefollowingsentencescontainsarelativeclause.Drawthedeepstructureandthesurfacestructureforeachofthesesentences.
a)Theessaythathewrotewasexcellent.
DeepStructure:
CP
CS
NPInflVP
DetNCPPstVAP
CSAuxA
NPInflVP
NPstVNP
N
Theessayhewrotethatwasexcellent
SurfaceStructure:
CP
CS
NPInflVP
DetNCPPstVAP
CSAuxA
NPNPInflVP
NNPstVNP
N
Theessaythathewroteewasexcellent
b)Herbertboughtahousethatsheloved.
DeepStructure:
CP
CS
NPInflVP
NPstVNP
DetNCP
CS
NPInflVP
NPstVNP
N
Herbertboughtahouseshelovedthat
SurfaceStructure:
CP
CS
NPInflVP
NPstVNP
DetNCP
CS
NPNPInflVP
NNPstVNP
N
Herbertboughtahousethatshelovede
c)Thegirlwhomheadoresmajorsinlinguistics.
DeepStructure:
CP
CS
NPInflVP
DetNCPPreVPP
CSPNP
NPInflVPN
NPreVNP
N
Thegirlheadoreswhommajorsinlinguistics
SurfaceStructure:
CP
CS
NPInflVP
DetNCPPreVPP
NPCSPNP
NPInflVPN
NNPreVNP
N
Thegirlwhomheadoresemajorsinlinguistics
13.Thederivationsofthefollowingsentencesinvolvetheinversiontransformation.Givethedeepstructureandthesurfacestructureofeachsentence.
a)Wouldyoucometomorrow?
DeepStructure:
CP
CS
NPInflVP
NAuxVAdvP
Adv
Youwouldcometomorrow
SurfaceStructure:
CP
CS
InflNPInflVP
AuxNAuxVAdvP
Adv
WouldYouecometomorrow
b)WhatdidHelenbringtotheparty?
DeepStructure:
CP
CS
NPInflVP
NPstVNP
NPP
PDetNP
N
Helendidbringwhattotheparty
SurfaceStructure:
CP
CS
1996年“碧芝自制饰品店”在迪美购物中心开张,这里地理位置十分优越,交通四通八达,由于位于市中心,汇集了来自各地的游客和时尚人群,不用担心客流量的问题。
迪美有300多家商铺,不包括柜台,现在这个商铺的位置还是比较合适的,位于中心地带,左边出口的自动扶梯直接通向地面,从正对着的旋转式楼梯阶而上就是人民广场中央,周边4、5条地下通道都交汇于此,从自家店铺门口经过的90%的顾客会因为好奇而进去看一下。
NPInflNPInflVP
NPstNPstVNP
NPP
(二)DIY手工艺品的“热卖化”PDetNP
N
我们大学生没有固定的经济来源,但我们也不乏缺少潮流时尚的理念,没有哪个女生是不喜欢琳琅满目的小饰品,珠光宝气、穿金戴银便是时尚的时代早已被推出轨道,简洁、个性化的饰品成为现代时尚女性的钟爱。
因此饰品这一行总是吸引很多投资者的目光。
然而我们女生更注重的是感性消费,我们的消费欲望往往建立在潮流、时尚和产品的新颖性上,所以要想在饰品行业有立足之地,又尚未具备雄厚的资金条件的话,就有必要与传统首饰区别开来,自制饰品就是近一两年来沿海城市最新流行的一种。
WhatdidHelenebringetotheparty
3.www。
oh/ov。
com/teach/student/shougong/
喜欢□一般□不喜欢□
c)Whobrokethewindow?
据上述部分的分析可见,我校学生就达4000多人。
附近还有两所学校,和一些居民楼。
随着生活水平的逐渐提高,家长给孩子的零用钱也越来越多,人们对美的要求也越来越高,特别是大学生。
他们总希望自己的无论是衣服还是首饰都希望与众不同,能穿出自己的个性。
但在我们美丽的校园里缺少自己的个性和琳琅满目的饰品,所以我们的小饰品店存在的竞争力主要是南桥或是市区的。
这给我们小组的创业项目提供了一个很好的市场机会。
DeepStructure:
CP
这里有营业员们向顾客们示范着制作各种风格炯异的饰品,许多顾客也是学得不亦乐乎。
据介绍,经常光顾“碧芝”的都是些希望得到世界上“独一无二”饰品的年轻人,他们在琳琅满目的货架上挑选,然后亲手串连,他们就是偏爱这种DIY的方式,完全自助在现场,有上班族在里面精挑细选成品,有细心的小女孩在仔细盘算着用料和价钱,准备自己制作的原料。
可以想见,用本来稀奇的原料,加上别具匠心的制作,每一款成品都必是独一无二的。
而这也许正是自己制造所能带来最大的快乐吧。
CS
NPInflVP
NPstVNP
DetN
价格便宜些□服务热情周到□店面装饰有个性□商品新颖多样□Whobrokethewindow
§8-4情境因素与消费者行为2004年3月20日
SurfaceStructure:
CP
CS
手工艺制品是我国一种传统文化的象征,它品种多样,方式新颖,制作简单,深受广大学生朋友的喜欢。
当今大学生的消费行为表现在追求新颖,追求时尚。
追求个性,表现自我的消费趋向:
购买行为有较强的感情色彩,比起男生热衷于的网络游戏,极限运动,手工艺制品更得女生的喜欢。
NPNPInflVP
NNPstVNP
DetN
Whoebrokethewindow
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