探析经济学理论.docx
- 文档编号:26096917
- 上传时间:2023-06-17
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:13
- 大小:23.25KB
探析经济学理论.docx
《探析经济学理论.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《探析经济学理论.docx(13页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
探析经济学理论
探析经济学理论
创优论文整理
经济学是一门以选择为关键字的行为或社会科学。
经济学研究的内容个人和社会选择使用的稀缺资源,这些资源是是自然界和前代所提供的。
从社会的角度来讲,人们将有限的资源用在可以生产的货物和服务的最高金额,这些有限的资源有自然资源,机械或人力等。
至于个人,有限的时间,收入等,可以使我们做我们喜欢做的事。
稀缺性使得个人或社会受到限制,因为稀缺本身意味着人们超过他们本身期望的那部分。
创业集生产土地,劳动力和资本及其他因素于一体,并转化成所需的输出组织力量。
创业是人的在此努力过程。
输出成为资本品或消费品,但也通过消费品生产,以满足欲望。
企业家使用管理能力,但他们比经理更重要,因为他们是风险承担者。
创业者获得利润或承担其事业的损失。
VarioustypesandtheoriesofEconomics
Task1
Economicsisthestudyofhowmuchindividualandsocietieschoosetousethescarceresourcesthatnatureandpreviousgenerationhaveprovided.Thekeywordinthisdefinitionischoosing.Economicsisabehaviouralorsocialscience.
Entrepreneurshipishumaneffortagain.Entrepreneursaretherisktakers.Theyaremorethanmanagers,althoughtheyusemanagerialability.EntrepreneursreaptheProfitorbearthelossesoftheirundertakings.Entrepreneurshipistheorganizationalforcethatbinestheotherfactorsofproductionlikeland,labour,andcapitalandtransformsthemintothedesiredoutput.Theoutputbeecapitalorconsumergoods,butalternativelyconsumergoodsareproducedtosatisfywants.
Scarcitymeansthatpeoplewantmorethantheydesired.Scarcitymakeslimitationbothasindividualorassociety.Aswithindividuals,limitedtime,limitedineandabilitykeepsusdoinganddonewiththatwemightlike.Asasociety,withlimitedresourcessuchasnaturalresources,machineryandmanpowerusedamaximumamountonthegoodsandservicesthatcanbeproduced.Peoplechoosewhichtheirdesirestheywillsatisfyareandwhichtheywillnotsatisfied.Eitherassocietyorasindividualchoosesmoreofsomethingelse.Sometimeseconomicsiscalledthestudyofscarcitybecauseifscarcitydidnotforcepeopletomakechoices,economicsactivitycouldnotexit.
Whenthereisscarcityandchoice,therearecosts.Thecostofanychoicesistheoptionoroptionsthatapersongetssome.Forexample:
ifyouweregivenanoptionofplayingaputergamebyreadingthistext,thecostofreadingthistext,youwouldhavereceivedplayingthegame.MostlyeconomicsisbasedonthesimpleideathatpeoplemakeschoicesbyparingthebenefitsofoptionB(andallofotheroptionthatareavailable)choosingwithhighestbenefits.Alternatively,onecanviewthecostofchoosingoptionAasthesacrificeinvolvedinrejectingoptionB,andthensaythatonechoosesoptionAwhenthebenefitsofAoutweighthecostsofchoosingA(whicharethebenefitsoneloseswhenonerejectsoptionB).
TheOpportunitycostofagoodisthequantityofothergoodswhichmustbesacrificedtoobtainanotherunitofthatgood.Benefit,profitorvalueofsomethingthatmustbegivenuptoacquireorachievesomethingelse.Everyaction,choiceordecisionhasanassociatedopportunitycost.
1
Opportunitycostmeasuresthecostofanychoiceintermsofthenextbestalternativeforgone.Wemakedecisioninourdailylife,bymakingdecisionforourdailydesires,itisoftenhelpfultobringfronttheopportunitycost.ShouldIgotothepartyornot?
First,itcoststhepriceofatickettogetin.whenIpaymoneyforsomething,IcouldgiveuptheotherthingswhichIhaveboughtwiththatmoney.Secondly,itcosttwotothreehours.Timeisvaluableforastudent.IhaveexaminationnextweekandIneedtostudy.Icouldgotowatchamovie,insteadoftheparty.Icouldjoinanotherparty.Icouldsleep.JustwithDavid,hemustweighthevalueofsunbathinsteadformorefoodorbetterhousing,soImustweighthevalueoffun,Imayhavefunatthepartyagainsteverythingelse,otherwise,Imightdowithtimeandmoney.
Microeconomicsisgenerallythestudyofindividualsandbusinessdecisionsandmacro-economiclooksathigherupcountryandgovernmentdecisions.
Microeconomicsisthestudyofdecisionsthatpeopleandbusinessesmakeregardingtheallocationofresourcesandpricesofgoodsandservices.Thismeansalsotakingintoaccounttaxesandregulationscreatedbygovernment.Microeconomicsfocusesonsupplyanddemandandotherforcesthatdeterminecouldmaximizeitsproductionandcapacity,soitcouldlowerpricesandbetterpeteinitsindustry.Forexample,wemightstudywhyindividualhouseholdsprefertobicyclesandhowproducersdecidewhethertoproducecarsorbicycles.Wecanthenaggregatethebehaviourofallhouseholdsandallfirmstodiscusstotalcarpurchasesandtotalcarproduction.Withinamarketeconomywecandiscussthemarketforcars.paringthiswiththemarketforbicycles,wemaybeabletoexplaintherelativepriceofcarsandbicyclesandtherelativeoutputofthesetwogoods.
Macroeconomicsisthefieldofeconomicswhichstudiesaboutthebehaviourofeconomyasawholeandjustnotspecificfirmsorindustriesbutentireindustriesorfirms.Itdeliberatelysimplifiestheindividualbuildingblocksofanalysisinordertoretainamanageableanalysisofthepleteinteractionoftheeconomy.It’sawiderphenomenonofaneconomy,suchasGDP(GrossDomesticProduct)andhowitisaffectedbychangesinunemployment,NI(nationaline)rateofthegrowthandpricelevels.Forexample,macroeconomicstypicallydoesnotworryaboutthebreakdownofconsumer’sgoodsintocars,bicycles,televisions,andcalculators.Theyprefertotreatthemallasasinglebundlecalledconsumergoods.Becausetheyaremoreinterestedinstudyingtheinteractionbetweenhousesholdpurchasesofconsumergoodsandfirmsdecisionaboutthepurchasesofmachineryandbuildings,becausethesemacro-economicconceptsrefertotheeconomyasawhole.
2
Whilethesetwobranchesofeconomicsappearedtobedifferent,theyareactuallyinterdependentandplementoneanother.Since,therearemanyoverlappingissuesraisebetweenthesetwomajorfieldsofeconomics.Forexampleincreasinginflationwouldcausethepriceofrawmaterialstoincreasesforpaniesandinturnaffectsthepriceoftheproductwouldbechargedtothepublic.Thebottomlinebetweenthesetwofieldsofeconomicsisthatmicroeconomicstakesupthebottomapproachtoanalysingtheeconomywhilemacroeconomicstakesatop-downapproach.
Regardless,bothmicro-andmacroeconomicsprovidefundamentaltoolsforanyfinanceprofessionalandshouldbestudiedtogetherinordertofullyunderstandhowpaniesoperateandearnrevenuesandthus,howanentireeconomyismanagedandsustained.
3
Task2
Demandisthequantityofbuyer’swishestopurchaseatconceivableprice.
Quantitydemandistheamountofaproductthatahouseholdwouldbuyinagivenperiodifitcouldbuyallitwantedatthecurrentmarketprice.
Demandscheduleatableshowinghowmuchofagivenproductahouseholdwouldbewillingtobuyatdifferentprices.
Demandcurveintheeconomicsthedemandcurvedepictstherelationshipbetweenpriceandquantitydemandedholdstheotherthingsconstantandtheamountofcertainmodityisthatconsumersaredesiretopurchaseatgivenprice.Demandcurveisthegraphicrepresentationofademandschedule.Everyindividualconsumerfollowsfromthedemandcurveforallconsumers.Theindividualdemandofeachpricesareaddedtogether.
Thedemandcurveshowstherelationbetweenpriceandquantitydemanded,holdingtheotherthingconstant.Infigure2.1
Price(£/biscuit)
DEMAND
0
200
0.1
160
0.2
120
0.3
60
0.4
80
0.5
40
4
Infigure2.1wemeasureonverticalaxispricesofbiscuitcorrespondingquantitiesdemandedaremeasuredonthehorizontalaxis.Thedemandcurveplotsthedataandgraphrepresents.ThepointAshowsthat160barsaredemandedatlowerpricesof£0.10.ThepointBshowsthat120barsaredemandedatapriceof£0.20.Byplottingallthepointandjoiningthem,weobtainthedemandcurve.Inourexample,thiscurvehappenstobeastraightline.Ithasanegativeslope.Largerquantitiesaredemandedatlowerprices.
Marketdemandcurveisthehorizontalsumofindividualdemandcurves,sincetotalquantitydemandatanypriceisthesumofanyquantitydemandedatthatpriceplusyourquantitydemandatthatprice.
Themarketdemandcurveisthesumofdemandcurvesofallindividualsinthatmarket.
Itisobtainedbyaskingateachprice,howmucheachpersondemands.Byaddingthequantitiesdemandbyallconsumersatthatpriceweobtainthetotalquantitydemandedateachprice,themarketdemandcurve.Since,aspriceisreduced,eachpersonincreasesthequantitydemanded,thetotalquantitydemandedmustalsoincreasesaspricefalls.Themarketdemandcurvealsoslopesdownwards.
5
Firmisanorganizationthattransformsresources(inputs)intoproducts(outputs).Firmsaretheprimaryproducingunitsinamarketeconomy.
Long-runistheperiodlongenoughforthefirmtoadjustalltheinputstoachangeinconditions.Inthelongrunthefirmcanvaryitsfactorysize,switchtechniquesofproduction,hirenewworkersandnegotiatesnewcontractswithsuppliersofrawmaterials.
Short-runistheperiodinwhichthefirmscanmakeonlypartialadjustmentofitsinputstoachangeinconditions.
Thefirm’soutputdecisioninthelong-runis
Astrategyofashort-runprofitmaximizingforaperfectlypetitivefirmisapleteunderstandingnatureofdifferenttypesofcosts.Aprofit-maximizingfirmwillproduceatthequantitywhereMR(marginalrevenue)isequaltotheMC(marginalcost).Atthatquantity,firmwillmakeasprofitaspossibleandgivethemarketpriceanditstechnologiesofproduction.Thefirmwithpositiveprofitslevelearnsabovethenormalrateofreturnsandinthelongrun,newfirmsarelikelytobeattractedintoindustry.
Sometimes,thebestfirmcangivethemarketpriceandmightstillcausethefirmstolosemoney
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 探析 经济学理论
![提示](https://static.bdocx.com/images/bang_tan.gif)