最新英语学习建筑专业英语 精品.docx
- 文档编号:26092975
- 上传时间:2023-06-17
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:9
- 大小:23.52KB
最新英语学习建筑专业英语 精品.docx
《最新英语学习建筑专业英语 精品.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《最新英语学习建筑专业英语 精品.docx(9页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
最新英语学习建筑专业英语精品
建筑类专业英语
班级:
建筑1852
姓名:
魏雪梅
学号:
18号
指导教师:
孟光伟
RoofGarden
Avastpartoftheearth’ssurface,inatown,consistsofroofs.Couplethiswiththefactthatthetotalareaofatownwhichcanbeexposedtothesunisfinite,andyouwillrealizedthatitisnatural,andindeedessential,tomakeroofswhichtakeadvantageofthesunandtheair.
However,weknowthattheflatshapeisquiteunnaturalforroofsfrompsychological,structural,andclimaticpointofview.Itisthereforesensibletouseaflatroofonlywheretheroofwillactuallybecomeagardenoranoutdoorroom;tomakeasmanyofthese“useful”roofsaspossible;buttomakeallotherroofs,whichcannotbeused,thesloping,vaulted,shell-likestructuresspecifiedbyshelteringroofandroofvault.
Hereisaruleofthumb:
ifpossible,makeatleastonesmallroofgardenineverybuilding,moreifyouaresurepeoplewillactuallyusethem.Maketheremainingroofssteeproofs.Theroofgardenswhichworkarealmostalwaysatthesamelevelassomeindoorrooms.Thismeansthatatleastsomepartofthebuilding’sroofswillalwaysbesteep.Weshallexpect,then,thatthispatternwillgenerateroofgardensandsteeproofsaremixedinalmosteverybuilding.
Wenowconsidertheflatroof,briefly,onitsownterms.Flatroofgardenshavealwaysbeenprevalentindry,warmclimates,wheretheycanbemadeintolivableenvironments.InthedensepartsoftownsinMediterraneanclimates,nearlyeveryroofishabitable:
theyarefullofgreen,privatescreens,withlovelyviews,placestocookoutandeatandsleep.Andevenintemperateclimatestheyarebeautiful.Theycanbedesignedasroomswithoutceiling,placesthatareprotectedfromthewind,butopentothesky.
However,theflatroofsthathavebecomearchitecturalfadsduringthelast40yearsarequiteanothermatter.Graygravecoveredasphaltstructures,theseflatroofsareveryrarelyusefulplaces;theyarenotgardens.Andtakenasawhole,theydonotmeetthepsychologicalrequirements.Tomaketheflatpartsofroofstrulyuseful,andcompatiblewiththeneedforslopingroofs,itseemsnecessarytobuildflatroofgardensofftheindoorpartsofthebuildings.Inotherwords,donotmakethemthehighestpartsoftheroofslope;andmakeitpossibletowalkouttotheroofgardenfromaninteriorroom,withoutclimbingspecialstairs.Wehavefoundthatroofgardensthathavethisrelationshipareusedfarmoreintenselythanthoserooftopswhichmustbereachedbyclimbingstairs.Theexplanationisobvious:
itisfarmorecomfortabletowalkstraightoutontoaroofandfeelthecomfortofthebuildingbehindandtoonesideofyou,thanitistoclimbuptoaplaceyoucannotsee.
Itis,therefore,suggestedtomakepartsofalmosteveryroofsystemusableasroofgardens.Makethesepartsflat;perhapsterracedforplanting,withplacestositandsleep,privateplaces.Placetheroofgardensatvariousstories,andalwaysmakeitpossibletowalkdirectlyoutontothegardenfromsomelived-inpartofthebuilding.
文章出处
《建筑类专业英语-建筑学与城市规划》第68-69页。
EarlyHousing
Inancienttimes,housingdevelopedlargelywithoutanycentralplanningorcontrol.Manytownsandcitieswereencircledbyfortifiedwallsformilitaryprotection.Urbandwelling,evenincludingthehousesoftherich,tendedtobecloselycrowdedtogetherwithinthewalls.Inthecountrysidethetypicalcommunitywasthevillage,oftenalongrowofsmallhutsorcottagesinwhichpeasantfarmerslived.Landowningnoblesoftenheldcountryestates.IntheMiddleAgessomeofthegreaternobilitylivedinthelargefortifiedcastleswithcourtyardsinwhichthepeasantscouldfindprotectionincaseofattack..Asthecountrysidebecamemoreorderly;thewealthybuilthandsomeunfortifiedhousessurroundedbyextensiveparks.
WiththecomingoftheIndustrialRevolutionthecitiesexpandedrapidlytoaccommodatetheinfluxofmanyfactoryworkers.Muchnewhousingwasbuiltbyspeculatorswhosawachanceforaquickprofit.Intheabsenceofzoningorbuildingrestrictions,theyoftenbuiltpoorlyplannedcheaphousingthatquicklydeterioratedintoslums.IntheUnitedStatesvastslumareasdevelopedinthelargercities,especiallyinChicagoandNewYork.Somewhatmoresubstantialhousingwasbuiltbyindustrialcompaniesfortheiremployees.Textiletownsandminingtownswerecompanyhousingcommunities.Asarule,rowhousemadupthestreetsofthecompanytowns.Thehousesweredrearilyidentical,illlightedandoftenunsanitary.
InGreatBritainsomestepstoimprovehousingconditionsweretakenbyhumanitarianandcharitablegroups,suchastheSocietyforImprovingtheDwellingsoftheLaboringClasses,Thiswasformedin1845.Governmententeredthefieldin1851withthepassageinBritainoftheShaftesburyAct,legislationthatsetminimumstandardsforlower-classhousing.
IntheUnitedStatesthedangerousandunsanitaryconditionsofslumlivinggaverisetothefirsttenement-houseregulationwhichwerepassedintheNewYorkCityin1867andrevisedandstrengthenedin1879andagainin1901.Theselawssetminimumstandardsinsuchmateraslight,ventilation,fireprotection,andsanitation.LawspatternedontheNewYorkCitycodesprangupinmanyotherpartsofthecountry,WiththeGreatDepressionofthe1930’scameashiftinemphasisinhousinglawsfrommerelyregulatingtheconditionsofhousingtoprovidinggovernmentaidforthebuildingoflow-costhomes.TheFederalHousingAdministration(FHA)wasestablishedin1934toadministeraprogramofgovernmentinsuranceofloansforbuildinghouse,wasempoweredtolendup90percentofthecostofapprovedprojectstoclearlyslumsandbuiltlow-incomefamilyhousing.In1947thefunctionsofanumberofhousingagencieswereabsorbedbytheHousingandhomeFinanceAgency(HHFA),whichwasreplacedin1965bytheDepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopment.
文章出处
《建筑类专业英语-建筑学与城市规划》第15-16页。
ThelanguageofArchitecture(Ⅲ)
Windowisanotherwordinthearchitect’svocabulary.Muchofwhathasbeensaidaboutdoorsappliesalsotowindows;bothareaffectiveelementsinarchitecturaldesign-stronglyaffective,sincetheyevokeassociationswithhumanacts.Lookingatadoor,however,makesyouthinkofgoingthroughit,whilelookingatawindowdoesnot(unlessyouareaburglaroradesperatestockbroker);ratheritsuggeststheactofseeing,whichinmanyrespectshasamoreprofoundemotionalconnotationthanApparentlywethinkmoreofoureyesthanofourfeet.Note,forexample,thereflectionofthisfeelinginourverballanguage.“Theeyesarethewindowsofthesoul.”(Prettypoetic,what?
Butwait.)“Hereyesmetcouldberatheruncomfortableiftakenliterally.)“Thewindowlookedoutoverabroadvalley.”“Mybedroomwindowsfacedcourtyard.”Theuseofthewordfacedinthiseyesthattheirpositiongivesafacetothebuilding-afaçade,tousethearchitecturalterm.
Thesupposedexistenceofafaceorfaçadeimpliesalsoitsopposite,rearandsides.Allofthisisimaginary;itgoeswithsaying,sinceabuildingisaneutralwhole,havingnoface,rear,orsidesexceptinourconcepts.Toadogseekingacornerappropriatetohispurposetheseconceptsdonotexist;hemakeshischoicesonentirelydifferentgrounds.Still,sincearchitectdesignsforhumanshecanmakeuseoftheanthropomorphismwhichweinevitablyapplytoeverythinginourenvironment,andbytheskillfulplacingofdoorsandwindowsgiveusimagesofstructure“facing”thiswayorthat,welcomingusorrejectingus,impressingusormakingusfeelimportant,andsoon.
Incidentally,speakingofimportance,itshouldnotbeoverlookedthatalargewindowdosesmuchthesamethingasdosealargedoor:
Itlendsimportancetouser.Alargewindowmeansalargeroom,withagrandview;hencetheoccupantmustbeapersonofgreaterstatureanddignitythan,say,theonewhohasjustahumblecasementtopeerthrough.Togiveanextremeexample,considerthedictator,president,general,orrock-and-rollstarwhoappearsonabalcony,framedbyagreatarchedorregimentedwindow.Evenattheoutermostfringesofthecheeringcrowedhepresentsanimageofmysticalgreatness.Itisthewindowthatdoesitofcourse.Thearchitectswhoworkforcelebritiesknowwhattheyaredoing.Sodothecelebritieswhoengagethem.
Whataboutastripofequallylargewindows40yardslongandrepeatedupwardfor110stories?
Hereagain,aswiththestripofdoorsattheentrancetoanofficebuilding,neithertheviewnortheindividualpersonisofanyimportancewhatsoever,sothatoncemorewehavethesamefeelingofimpersonalityaboutthearchitecture;itcaresnothingaboutus,andwereturnthesentiment.
Onoccasionunexpectedsmallnesscanbeusedinsteadoflargesizetoexpressimportance.Thus,forexample,atinyshowwindowinwhichasinglepieceofjewelryisexhibitedmaymakethejewelryseenmorevaluablethanifitweredisplayedinalargewindow,inwhichitsuniquenesswouldbediminished.Orasmall,diamond-panedwindowinacountryinn,whichmightgiveanimpressionofsnugnessandwarmthwith,maybeverymuchpreferabletoalargewindowbehindwhichonefeelsoneselftooeasilyseeneatingorscratching.Inshort,thearchitectwhodesignslargeplateglasswindowsforMissKatherine’sCozyKitchenisjustaswrongastheoneputscutelittlebottle-glassonesonthefaçadeofaBickford’sCafeteria.
Muchthesamesortofexpressivefunctionsareperformedbytheotherarchitecturalelements-columns,roofs,steps,railings,andsoon.Toexplaineachwouldbebothredundantandself-indulgent;sufficeittosaythat,nomatterhowskillfullythearchitectuses
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 最新英语学习建筑专业英语 精品 最新 英语 学习 建筑 专业