THEMap路线图.docx
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THEMap路线图
THEMap
路线图—翻译研究方法入门
ABeginner’sGuidetoDoingResearchinTranslationStudies
ByJennyWilliams&AndrewChesterman
ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress,2004
Contents
Acknowledgements(v)
Introduction
(1)
1.AreasITranslationResearch(6)
2.FromtheInitialIdeatothePlan(28)
3.TheoreticalModelsofTranslation(48)
4.KindsofResearch(58)
5.Questions,Claims,Hypotheses(69)
6.RelationsbetweenVariables(83)
7.SelectingandAnalyzingData(90)
8.WritingYourResearchReport(101)
9.PresentingYourResearchOrally(116)
10.AssessingYourResearch(122)
11.References(129)
12.Subjectindex(141)
TranslationStudies:
thefieldofstudydevotedtodescribing,analyzingandtheorizingtheprocesses,contextsandproductsoftheactoftranslationaswellasthe(rolesofthe)agentsinvolved.
Theaim:
●Byprovidingnewdata
●Bysuggestingananswertoaspecificquestion
●Bytestingorrefininganexistinghypothesis,theoryormethodology
●Byproposinganewidea,hypothesis,theoryormethodology
TextAnalysisandTranslation
TranslationQualityAssessment
GenreTranslation
MultimediaTranslation
TranslationandTechnology
TranslationHistory
TranslationEthics
TerminologyandGlossaries
Interpreting
TheTranslationProcess
TranslatorTraining
TheTranslationProfession
ResearchProcessconsistsofthefollowingstages,someoverlapping:
●Choosinganarea
●makingapreliminaryplan
●searchingthroughtheliterature
●readingandthinking
●definingtheresearchquestion
●revisingtheplan
●collectingthedata
●processingtheresults
●writingadraft
●evaluating,elicitingfeedback
●thinkingofimplication
●finalizingthetext
●presentingyourresearchreport
1.AreasinTranslationResearch
1.1TextAnalysisandTranslation
SourceTextAnalysis:
carefulanalysisofthesyntactic,semanticandstylisticfeatures,toprepareforatranslation:
Nord(1991);thecommunicativesituationofthetranslation
itself:
whowillitbefor,whatitsfunctionisintendedtobe,andsoonComparisonofTranslationsandtheirSourceTexts:
thetextualcomparisonofatranslationwithitsoriginal;severaltranslations,intothesamelanguageorintodifferent
languages,ofthesameoriginal---aparticularaspectofthesourcetext(e.g.astylisticor
syntacticfeature)+thecorrespondingsections/atranslationprobleme.g.the
translationofpassivesentences,ordialect,orallusions)+translationstrategiesused/
translationstrategysuchasexplicitation(SeeShuttleworthandCowie1997)+change
orshiftbetweensourceandtargettexts+itsconditionsofuse(SeeLeuven-Zwart1989,
1990foramethodologyfortranslationanalysis)
Aim:
todiscoverpatternsofcorrespondencebetweenthetexts=possibleregularitiesofthetranslator‘sbehaviour;thegeneralprinciplesthatseemtodetermine
howcertainthingsgettranslatedundercertainconditions
ComparisonofTranslationsandNon-translatedTexts:
comparisonoftranslationsintoagivenlanguagewithsimilartextsoriginallywritteninthatlanguage.Parallel
(comparable)texts-quantitative–relativedifferencesofdistributionofparticulartextual
features---contrastiveanalysisandcontrastivestylistics(SeeChesterman1998forthe
relationbetweenthetheoriesandmethodologiesofcontrastiveanalysisandTranslation
Studies)
TranslationwithCommentary=annotatedtranslation:
aformofintrospectiveand
retrospectiveresearch–translateatext,andwriteacommentaryonthistranslation
process(SeeBly1984fortranslatingapoem)–includingdiscussionofthetranslation
assignment,ananalysisofaspectsofthesourcetext,areasonedjustificationofsolutions
youarrivedatforparticularkindsoftranslationproblems;whetheryouhavefoundany
helpfulguidelinesforyourtranslationdecisionsinwhatyouhavereadinTranslation
Studies.
1.2TranslationQualityAssessment
Internationalstandards:
ISO9002,DIN2345
Threegeneralapproachestoqualityassessment:
Source-oriented:
Equivalence/deviance(SeeHouse,1997;Schaffner1998)
Target-languageoriented:
Textanalysisfor―DegreeofNaturalness‖(SeeTouray1995,Leuven-Zwart1989and1990)
Translationeffects:
onclients,teachers,criticsandreaders
Functionaland/orcommunicativetheories–skopostheory(Vermeer1996)–skoposisthe―purposeforwhichatranslationdesignsatranslationinagreementswithhiscommissioner‖
examiningpublishedreviews(SeeMaier1998;Fawcett2000),interviewing
publishersandreadersabouttheirexpectationsconcerningtranslationquality;
carryingoutcomprehensiontestsonthetranslationtoseehowwellpeople
understoodit;questionnairetotranslationteachers,toseewhatkindsof
markingmethodsandcriteriatheyused.
1.3GenreTranslation(SeeSwales1991,Trosborg1997foroverviewofdefinitionsand
methodologicalconcepts;SeeBassnett1991,GaddisRose1997,BassnettandLefevere1998,Boase-BeierandHolman1999formajorissuesinliterarytranslation)
1.3.1Drama:
SeeJohnston1996forarangeofviewsfromtranslatorsforthestage.Aaltonen
1996,Anderman1998andBassnett2000forfurtherreading
tobeperformedorread?
Performability(bodylanguage;choiceofprops)
1.3.2Poetry:
(SeeHolmes1994foranoverviewoftheissuesinpoetrytranslationandboth
Beaugrande1978andBly1984fora?
stepbystep‘guidetotranslatingapoem
●Theaimofthetranslation–aproseversionorapoem?
●Thetranslationofmeter,cadence,rhythm,rhyme
●Theprofileofthetranslator–canonlypoetstranslatepoetry?
●Howdotranslatorstranslatepoetry?
1.3.3Prosefiction
SelectONEaspect–thenarrativeperspectiveoftheauthor/translator,thetranslationofdialogue,thehandlingofculture-specificitemsorthetranslationofhumour;sometimes,concentrateonthefirstchapteroropeningscene
Contemporarytranslators:
theirbiographies,owtheyobtaintranslationcontracts,theirrelationswitheditorsandpublishers;howtheygoabouttheirwork,whethertheywriteprefaces/afterwords,whethertheyusefootnotesorprovideglossaries(SeePelegrin1987)Thereceptionoftranslatedworks:
howdocriticsreviewtranslatedworks?
Whatdotheyhavetosayabouttranslation(ifanything)SeeFawcett2000forastudyofthereceptionoftranslationinthequalitypress.
1.3.4ReligiousTexts
●Theenormoustemporalandculturalgapbetweenthesocietiesforwhichthesetexts
werewrittenandthesocietiesforwhichtheyhavebeentranslated
●ThetensionbetweentreatingreligioustextssuchastheBibleasasacredtextinwhich
everywordisholy(whichrequiresaword-for-wordtranslation)andusingitasa
missionizingtext(whichrequiresatarget-culture-centredapproach).SeeNida1964and
NidaandTaber1969.
●Comparisonofdifferenttranslationsofaparticularsacredtextintoonelanguage,either
diachronicallyorsynchronically(SeeLewis1981).SeeGregory2001forcurrently
availableEnglishtranslationsoftheBible.
●Theinfluenceofthe1611KingJamesBible(theAuthorizedVersion)onthe
developmentoftheEnglishlanguage:
isittruethatanyonetranslatingoutofEnglish
needstobefamiliarwiththistext?
Andifso,inwhatcircumstances?
Andwithwhat
aspects?
(SeeBiblia1997).
1.3.5Children‘sLiterature
1.3.6TourismTexts
1.3.7LegalTexts
1.4MultimediaTranslation
Revoicing
Sur-/Subtitling
1.5TranslationandTechnology
EvaluatingSoftware
SoftwareLocalization
EffectsofTechnology
WebsiteTranslation
ThePlaceofTechnologyinTranslationTraining
1.6TranslationHistory
Who
What
Why
How
1.7TranslationEthics
DifferentKindsofEthics
Culturalandideologicalfactors
CodesofPractice
Personalvs.ProfessionalEthics
1.8TerminologyandGlossaries
(detailedconceptualanalysis+bibliographicalfieldwork+corpusprocessing)
(Youneedtoknowthebasicsofterminologytheoryanditsoriginsinthegrowingneedforinternationalstandardizationduringthepastcentury:
understandthedifferencebetweengeneral
knowledgeanddomain-restrictedknowledge;howtodefineaterm
Youwillalsoneedtomasterthemethodologicalandtechnicalskillsrequired:
howtoformulateavaliddefinition;howtorepresentvariouskindsofconceptualsystemsbasedondifferentkindsofrelationshipsbetweenconcepts(e.g.hierarchicalconceptdiagramsofvariouskinds);howtousethecomputerprogramssuchasTradusMultiTermthathavebeendevelopedspecificallyforterminologicalwork).
Theoreticalresearch:
cognitiveandphilosophicalquestions
Terminology
Terminology,ScienceandResearch
publicationsintheInformationInfrastructureTaskForce(IITF)seriespublishedbyTermNet
Practicalresearch:
chooseadomainandalanguageortwo,beginwithdocumentarysearchesandcorpuswork:
thisistermidentificationandextraction.Viaparallelconceptualanalysisanddefinitioncomparison,youwillgraduallycompiletheterminologydatabaseforthedomainandlanguagesyouhavechosen.Theworkmighteventuallyinvolvetermharmonizationandlanguageplanning.
SeeWrightandBudin(1997and2001)Cabre1999;Sager1990;
SeePearson1998foranintroductiontocorpus-basedapproaches.
Additionalspecialistjournalsinthisarea
TerminologieetTraduction
LaBanquedesMots
TerminoliesNovelles
Internationalstandards:
ISO/DISC087-1.2Terminologywork–Vocabulary–Part.Theoryandapplication,1999
1.9Interpreting
●Conferenceinterpreting(ususimultaneous,inonedirection)
●Liasoninterpreting=dialogue/communityinterpreting(usubi-directional)
●Courtinterpreting(usubi-directional)
Cognitivestudies
●Neur
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