雅思真题剑7Test4阅读Passage3真题及解析.docx
- 文档编号:26077184
- 上传时间:2023-06-17
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:18
- 大小:58.95KB
雅思真题剑7Test4阅读Passage3真题及解析.docx
《雅思真题剑7Test4阅读Passage3真题及解析.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《雅思真题剑7Test4阅读Passage3真题及解析.docx(18页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
雅思真题剑7Test4阅读Passage3真题及解析
【雅思真题】剑7Test4阅读Passage3真题及解析
READINGPASSAGE3
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40,whicharebasedonReadingPassage3below.
EFFECTSOFNOISE
Ingeneral,itisplausibletosupposethatweshouldpreferpeaceandquiettonoise.Andyetmostofushavehadtheexperienceofhavingtoadjusttosleepinginthemountainsorthecountrysidebecauseitwasinitially‘tooquiet',anexperiencethatsuggeststhathumansarecapableofadaptingtoawiderangeofnoiselevels.Researchsupportsthisview.Forexample,GlassandSinger(1972)exposedpeopletoshortburstsofveryloudnoiseandthenmeasuredtheirabilitytoworkoutproblemsandtheirphysiologicalreactionstothenoise.Thenoisewasquitedisruptiveatfirst,butafteraboutfourminutesthesubjectsweredoingjustaswellontheirtasksascontrolsubjectswhowerenotexposedtonoise.Theirphysiologicalarousalalsodeclinedquicklytothesamelevelsasthoseofthecontrolsubjects.
Buttherearelimitstoadaptationandloudnoisebecomesmoretroublesomeifthepersonisrequiredtoconcentrateonmorethanonetask.Forexample,highnoiselevelsinterferedwiththeperformanceofsubjectswhowererequiredtomonitorthreedialsatatime,atasknotunlikethatofanaeroplanepilotoranair-trafficcontroller(Broadbent,1957).Similarly,noisedidnotaffectasubject'sabilitytotrackamovinglinewithasteeringwheel,butitdidinterferewiththesubject'sabilitytorepeatnumberswhiletracking(FinkelmanandGlass,1970).
Probablythemostsignificantfindingfromresearchonnoiseisthatitspredictabilityismoreimportantthanhowlouditis.Wearemuchmoreableto‘tuneout'chronicbackgroundnoise,evenifitisquiteloud,thantoworkundercircumstanceswithunexpectedintrusionsofnoise.IntheGlassandSingerstudy,inwhichsubjectswereexposedtoburstsofnoiseastheyworkedonatask,somesubjectsheardloudburstsandothersheardsoftbursts.Forsomesubjects,theburstswerespacedexactlyoneminuteapart(predictablenoise);othersheardthesameamountofnoiseoverall,buttheburstsoccurredatrandomintervals(unpredictablenoise).Subjectsreportedfindingthepredictableandunpredictablenoiseequallyannoying,andallsubjectsperformedataboutthesamelevelduringthenoiseportionoftheexperiment.Butthedifferentnoiseconditionshadquitedifferentafter-effectswhenthesubjectswererequiredtoproofreadwrittenmaterialunderconditionsofnonoise.AsshowninTable1theunpredictablenoiseproducedmoreerrorsinthelaterproofreadingtaskthanpredictablenoise;andsoft,unpredictablenoiseactuallyproducedslightlymoreerrorsonthistaskthantheloud,predictablenoise.
Table1:
ProofreadingErrorsandNoise
Apparently,unpredictablenoiseproducesmorefatiguethanpredictablenoise,butittakesawhileforthisfatiguetotakeitstollonperformance.
Predictabilityisnottheonlyvariablethatreducesoreliminatesthenegativeeffectsofnoise.Anotheriscontrol.Iftheindividualknowsthatheorshecancontrolthenoise,thisseemstoeliminatebothitsnegativeeffectsatthetimeanditsafter-effects.Thisistrueeveniftheindividualneveractuallyexerciseshisorheroptiontoturnthenoiseoff(GlassandSinger,1972).Justtheknowledgethatonehascontrolissufficient.
Thestudiesdiscussedsofarexposedpeopletonoiseforonlyshortperiodsandonlytransienteffectswerestudied.Butthemajorworryaboutnoisyenvironmentsisthatlivingdayafterdaywithchronicnoisemayproduceserious,lastingeffects.Onestudy,suggestingthatthisworryisarealisticone,comparedelementaryschoolpupilswhoattendedschoolsnearLosAngeles'sbusiestairportwithstudentswhoattendedschoolsinquietneighbourhoods(Cohenetal.,1980).Itwasfoundthatchildrenfromthenoisyschoolshadhigherbloodpressureandweremoreeasilydistractedthanthosewhoattendedthequietschools.Moreover,therewasnoevidenceofadaptabilitytothenoise.Infact,thelongerthechildrenhadattendedthenoisyschools,themoredistractibletheybecame.Theeffectsalsoseemtobelonglasting.Afollow-upstudyshowedthatchildrenwhoweremovedtolessnoisyclassroomsstillshowedgreaterdistractibilityoneyearlaterthanstudentswhohadalwaysbeeninthequietschools(Cohenetal,1981).Itshouldbenotedthatthetwogroupsofchildrenhadbeencarefullymatchedbytheinvestigatorssothattheywerecomparableinage,ethnicity,race,andsocialclass.
Questions27-29
Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,CorD.
Writethecorrectletterinboxes27-29onyouranswersheet.
27Thewritersuggeststhatpeoplemayhavedifficultysleepinginthemountainsbecause
Ahumansdonotpreferpeaceandquiettonoise.
Btheymaybeexposedtoshortburstsofverystrangesounds.
Chumansprefertohearacertainamountofnoisewhiletheysleep.
Dtheymayhaveadaptedtoahighernoiselevelinthecity.
28Innoiseexperiments,GlassandSingerfoundthat
Aproblem-solvingismucheasierunderquietconditions.
Bphysiologicalarousalpreventstheabilitytowork.
Cburstsofnoisedonotseriouslydisruptproblem-solvinginthelongterm.
Dthephysiologicalarousalofcontrolsubjectsdeclinedquickly.
29Researchersdiscoveredthathighnoiselevelsarenotlikelytointerferewiththe
Asuccessfulperformanceofasingletask.
Btasksofpilotsorairtrafficcontrollers.
Cabilitytorepeatnumberswhiletrackingmovinglines.
Dabilitytomonitorthreedialsatonce.
Questions30-34
Completethesummaryusingthelistofwordsandphrases,A-J,below.
Writethecorrectletter,A-J,inboxes30-34onyouranswersheet.
NBYoumayuseanylettermorethanonce.
GlassandSinger(1972)showedthatsituationsinwhichthereisintensenoisehavelesseffectonperformancethancircumstancesinwhich30…………noiseoccurs.Subjectsweredividedintogroupstoperformatask.Someheardloudburstsofnoise,otherssoft.Forsomesubjects,thenoisewaspredictable,whileforothersitsoccurrencewasrandom.Allgroupswereexposedto31…………noise.Thepredictablenoisegroup32…………theunpredictablenoisegrouponthistask.
Inthesecondpartoftheexperiment,thefourgroupsweregivenaproofreadingtasktocompleteunderconditionsofnonoise.Theywererequiredtocheckwrittenmaterialforerrors.Thegroupwhichhadbeenexposedtounpredictablenoise33…………thegroupwhichhadbeenexposedtopredictablenoise.Thegroupwhichhadbeenexposedtoloudpredictablenoiseperformedbetterthanthosewhohadheardsoft,unpredictablebursts.Theresultssuggestthat34…………noiseproducesfatiguebutthatthismanifestsitselflater.
Anocontrolover
Bunexpected
Cintense
Dthesameamountof
Eperformedbetterthan
Fperformedataboutthesamelevelas
Gno
Hshowedmoreirritationthan
Imademoremistakesthan
Jdifferenttypesof
Questions35-40
Lookatthefollowingstatements(Questions35-40)andthelistofresearchersbelow.
Matcheachstatementwiththecorrectresearcher(s),A-E.
Writethecorrectletter,4-E,inboxes35-40onyouranswersheet.
NBYoumayuseanylettermorethanonce.
35Subjectsexposedtonoisefinditdifficultatfirsttoconcentrateonproblem-solvingtasks.
36Long-termexposuretonoisecanproducechangesinbehaviourwhichcanstillbeobservedayearlater.
37Theproblemsassociatedwithexposuretonoisedonotariseifthesubjectknowstheycanmakeitstop.
38Exposuretohigh-pitchednoiseresultsinmoreerrorsthanexposuretolow-pitchednoise.
39Subjectsfinditdifficulttoperformthreetasksatthesametimewhenexposedtonoise.
40Noiseaffectsasubject'scapacitytorepeatnumberswhilecarryingoutanothertask.
ListofResearchers
AGlassandSinger
BBroadbent
CFinkelmanandGlass
DCohenetal.
ENoneoftheabove
READINGPASSAGE3真题解析
篇章结构
体裁:
说明文
主题:
噪声影响
结构
第一段:
人对噪音有自我调节能力。
第二段:
调节能力的局限性。
第三段:
噪音可预测性对人的影响的实验。
第四段:
实验结论:
不可预测性噪音更易让人疲惫。
第五段:
人对控制噪音能力的认知可以减少噪音影响。
第六段:
长期生活于高噪音环境的危害。
必背词汇
第一段
plausibleadj.貌似真实的,貌似有理的workoutv.解决;设计出;计算
adjustv.调整,使……适于physiologicaladj.生理的,生理学的
countrysiden.乡村,农村reactionn.反应
initiallyadv.最初disruptiveadj.捣乱的,破坏性的,制造混乱的
capableadj.有能力的
adaptv.使……适应;改编subjectn.科目,主题
exposev.使暴露于,使接触到controlv.&n.克制,控制
burstn.破裂,突然出现arousaln.激励,鼓励
第二段
adaptationn.改编;适应pilotn.飞行员,领航员,引航员
troublesomeadj.令人烦恼的,讨厌的air-trafficn.空中交通
concentratev.集中,专心;浓缩trackv.跟踪,追踪
interferev.妨碍;冲突;干涉steerv.引导;驾驶;航行
monitorv.监视,监听,监督
第三段
significantadj.有意义的,意味深长的;重要的,重大的
overalladj.全部的,总体的
randomadj.任意的,随便的,胡乱的
predictabilityn.可预测性intervaln.间隔
tuneout关掉,不理会annoyingadj.恼人的,讨厌的
chronicadj.长期的;慢性的portionn.部分,份;命运
circumstancen.环境;状况;事件after-effectn.后果;余波
intrusionn.闯入,侵扰proofreadv.校对,校勘
spacev.隔开,分隔errorn.错误,过失
第四段
apparentlyadv.显然tolln.代价
fatiguen.疲乏,疲劳
第五段
variablen.变量individualn.个人,个体
eliminatev.除去,排除,剔除exercisev.锻炼;操练;练习;运用;行使
negativeadj.否定的;消极的;负面的sufficientadj.足够的,充分的
第六段
sofar迄今为止adaptabilityn.适应性
transientadj.短暂的distractibleadj.易于分心的,不专心的
lastingadj.永久的,永恒的follow-upadj.继续的
realisticadj.现实的,现实主义的investigatorn.研究者,调查者,审查者
elementaryadj.初级的,基本的comparableadj.可比较的,比得上的
bloodpressure血压ethnicityn.种族划分;种族特性
distractv.转移,分心socialclass社会地位
难句解析
1.Ingeneral,itisplausibletosupposethatweshouldpreferpeaceandquiettonoise.
参考译文:
总体来说,人们应该更喜欢和平宁静而不喜欢噪音——这种想法貌似有些道理。
语言点:
(1)ingeneral:
usuallyorinmostsituations
Ingeneral,about10%ofthecandidatesareeventuallyofferedpositions.
(2)plausible:
adj.reasonableandlikelytobetrueorsuccessful
Hisstorycer
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 雅思 真题剑 Test4 阅读 Passage3 解析