写作基本要领.docx
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写作基本要领.docx
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写作基本要领
写作基本要领
写作基本要领
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使用规范的句子
1.完整
1)意义的完整
BikesaresopopularinChina.
(BikesaresopopularinChinathatalmosteveryfamilyhasatleastone.)
2)结构的完整
指代不明
Itisincredibletomanypeople.Cigarettesmokersspendmoneyforillness.
(Itisincredibletomanypeoplethatcigarettesmokersspendmoneyforillness.)
省略错误
IsaidIhavemorerespectforhimthanhiswife.
(IsaidIhavemorerespectforhimthanforhiswife.)
断句不严
Wecouldn’tdecideuponanewcar,thereweremanyattractivemodels.
(Wecouldn’tdecideuponanewcar,forthereweremanyattractivemodels.)or
(Wecouldn’tdecideuponanewcar.Thereweremanyattractivemodels.)
2.连贯
1)代词指向不明确
Hewasknockeddownbyabicycle,butitwasnotserious.
(Hewasknockeddownbyabicycle,butwasnotseriouslyhurt.)
2)不定式、分词、动名词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致
Tosucceedinascientificresearchproject,persistenceisneeded.
(Tosucceedinascientificresearchproject,oneneedstobepersistent.)
3)结构不平行
Formerly,sciencewastaughtbythetextbookmethod,whilenowthelaboratorymethodisemployed.(Formerly,sciencewastaughtbythetextbookmethod;nowitistaughtbythelaboratorymethod.)Itwasbothalongceremonyandverytedious.
(Theceremonywasbothlongandtedious.)
4)主次不分,重点不突出
Thecompetitionforcollegeenrollmentisextremelykeenthisyearandthecandidatesspenddaysandnightspreparingfortheentranceexaminationandtheyneglecttheirhealthandsothenewspaperscarryarticlesurgingteachersandparentstotakeupthisproblemseriously.
(Asthecompetitionforcollegeenrollmentisextremelykeenthisyear,thecandidatesspenddaysandnightspreparingfortheentranceexamination,neglectingtheirhealth.Inviewofthis,thenewspaperscarryarticlesurgingteachersandparentstotakeupthisproblemseriously.)
3.简练
1)删除(多余成分)
Thedistantexplosionwasaudibletotheear.
(Thedistantexplosionwasaudible.)
TherearefourcompaniesinShanghai,andanyofthemcansupplyuswithspareparts.
(AnyofthefourcompaniesinShanghaicansupplyuswithspareparts.)
2)替换(用词或词组替代从句)
Thebottlesthatareplacedontheshelfcontainsomechemicalsthathavebeennewlydiscovered.(Thebottlesontheshelfcontainnewchemicals.)
Mr.Li,whoismyfavoriteprofessor,hasreceivedaDistinguishedTeacherAward.
(Mr.Li,myfavoriteprofessor,hasreceivedaDistinguishedTeacherAward.)
4.多样化
1)简单句与复杂句
Iamsorrynottohaveansweredyourletterearlier.
IamsorrythatIhavenotansweredyourletterearlier.
2)双重否定
Thevalueoftheinformationhehasprovidedcannotbeoverestimated.
Thereisnogeneralrulewithoutsomeexceptions.
3)变化主语
Ifyoutakethismedicine,youwillfeelbetter.
Thismedicinewillmakeyoufeelbetter.
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常用句型
1.相似性
1)AistoBwhat/asCistoD
MoralcorruptionistotheStateasphysicaldiseaseistoanindividualbody.
2)Justas…,so…
Justaswoodsareindispensabletobirds,soistheearthtohumanbeings.
3)AandBhavesth.incommon
Asfaraspersonalityisconcerned,theyhavealmosteverythingincommon.
4)AissimilartoB
Myhobbyissimilartohisinthatwebothlikecollectingrecords,foreignanddomestic.
5)Thesameistrueof,Thesamecanbesaidof
Astheeconomiesofallcountriesarecloselyinterrelatednocountrycandevelopinself-seclusion(隔绝).ThesameistrueofChina.
2.相异性
1)Aisjusttheopposite(toB)
Beijingispopulousandcrowded,whileCanberraisjusttheopposite.
2)AdiffersfromBinthat…
China’sconditiondiffersfromoursinthatChinahasthelargestpopulationintheworld.
3)…isnotthesame
Whileitmaybetruethatbasketballandvolleyballsharecertainfeatures,theexcitementeacharousesinthespectatorsisnotthesame.
3.权衡
1)Theadvantagesoutweighthedisadvantages
Itseemssafetosaythattheadvantagesofmarriageoutweighthedisadvantagesofdivorce.
2)Nothingcanrival…
Perhapsnothingcanrivalthepleasurefromreading.
3)…hasdrawbacksaswellasmerits.
Therecouldbenodoubtthatjob-hoppinghasitsdrawbacksaswellasmerits.
4)AissuperiortoB
Menmaybesuperiortowomeninphysicalaffairs.Yet,thereisnodifferenceinintelligence.
5)…variesfrompersontoperson
People’sattitudetowardsdrugsvariesfrompersontoperson.
4.过渡句
1)Itistruethatmostjobsareaseriesofmoreorlessunpleasantchores,butitdoesn’tfollowthatthat’salltheyare.
2)Thisistrue,nodoubt,butitisnotthewholestorybyanymeans.
3)ItisfairlywellknownthatVitaminCisindispensabletohealth.Butitisprobablylesswellknownthattakingitexcessivelymaydoharmtothehumanbody.
5.图表作文中的过渡
1)Thistableprovidesseveralimportantpointsofcomparisonbetweenthetwouniversities.Ascanbeindicatedinthetable,thehousingspaceforthestaffofAin1995was34500squaremeters,whichnearlydoubledtheB’scorrespondingfigure.
2)Aswecouldfindoutlaterinthisunit,hisplanwasnotquiteashehadexpected.
3)Asisrevealedinthegraph…
4)Asthesurveyresultsshow…
6.描述曲线走势
1)Thepopulationroserapidlyuntilitreached600000in1990.Since1990thegrowthhascontinuedbutthepopulationhasrisenrelativelyslowly.
2)Thebirthrateinthisregionrocketedtothehighestpeakin1963.
7.图表作文中的开头与结尾
1)Thistableprovidesseveralimportantpointsofcomparisonbetweenthetwokeyuniversities.
2)Thetwographsdepictthesamethingseenintwodifferentways.Thefirstdiagramsimplyrecords…Thesecondgraphthrowsalighton…
3)Thekeyfindingstakenfromthesurveysareasfollows:
…
4)Ifdriverscontinuetodrivemorecarefullyandfurtherstrengthentheirsenseofsafety,therateofaccidentscanbeexpectedtodeclineevenmoredramaticallyintheyear1991.
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句子之间的连接
1.过渡词语
1)附加递进:
and,also,moreover,furthermore,inaddition,besides
3)对比转折:
but,yet,while,whereas,although,however,nevertheless,ontheotherhand,incontrast
3)陈述理由:
for,since,as,because,dueto,onthegroundsthat,owingto
4)表达结果:
so,asaresult,thus,consequently,therefore
5)肯定强调:
obviously,certainly,ofcourse,undoubtedly,infact,indeed
6)罗列条件:
if,aslongas,providedthat,unless
7)顺序列举:
firstly,tobeginwith,then,afterthis,lastbutnotleast
8)举例论证:
forinstance,forexample,namely,suchas,including
9)总结说明:
inconclusion,insummary,tosumup,toconclude
2.反义词或互补词
1)反义词:
YearsagoaTVsetwasregardedasaluxury.Todayitisanecessity.
2)互补词:
Discriminationismainlypracticedagainstwomeninthefieldofscience.Wedon’tfindmencomplainingaboutthis.
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