高三化学复习知识系统归纳.docx
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高三化学复习知识系统归纳.docx
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高三化学复习知识系统归纳
20XX年高三化学复习知识系统归纳(Systematicsummaryofchemistryreviewingradethreeofseniorhighschoolin2010)
Chemistryiseasytoforgetknowledge
One,save
1)withliquidbromine:
athinlayerofwaterthencoverandairtightstoredinlowtemperature.
2)hydrobromide:
keptinplasticbottles.
3)newgreenwater:
sealedwithbrownreagentbottle.
4)iodine:
keptinabrownreagentbottleandplacedinthedark.
Two,theroleofmatter
1)chlorine:
asdisinfectant.
2):
silverbromidefilm,photographicpaper
3)AgI:
artificialrainfall
4)iodine:
preventionofgoiter
5)starch:
totesttheexistenceofiodineelement
6)sodiumhypochlorite:
bleachingtextiles
Three,balanceproblemsareeasytoignore
1)nitrogendioxide:
thebalancebetweenthepresenceandthefournitrogenoxides
2)theequilibriumconstantisonlyrelatedtotemperature,andhasnothingtodowiththeconcentrationandpressure.
Four,weshouldpayattentiontotheAVogaderoconstant
1)raregasesaremonatomicmolecules
2)gasshouldbeusedonly22.4inthestandardcondition
3)threesulfuroxide,thestandardconditionissolid;benzene,toluene,carbontetrachloride,hexanestandardconditionisliquid.
4)hydrolysisofironion,aluminumion,ammoniumion,andionizationofweakelectrolyte
5)whitephosphorusP4,betweenphosphorusandphosphorusisthekeysix
6)someorganiccompoundshavethesamenumberofchemicalbondsinisomers
7)
Five,matteranditschemicalformula
1)fluorite-------CaF2
2)barite--BaSO4
3)quartz(opticalfiber)-------SiO2
4)gypsum--CaSO4?
2H2O
5)maturegypsum--2CaSO4?
H2O
6)brochantite(bluevitriol)-CuSO45H2O?
7)melanterite-FeSO4?
7H2O
8)alum-KAl(SO4)2?
12H2O
9)goslarite-ZnSO47H2O?
10)awnalum--NaSO4?
10H2O
11)soda-Na2CO3
12)bicarbonateofsoda-NaHCO3
13)soda-Na2S2O3?
10H2O
Six,metal
1)lightestlithium
2)theheaviestosmium
3)lowestmeltingpointmercury
4)thehighestmeltingpointtungsten
5)maximumhardnesschromium
6)thecontentofaluminumisthemostintheearthcrust
7)thebestconductivityissilver
8)ductilityisbest--gold
Seven,elementcycle
1)thenumberofmononuclearparticleswiththesamenumberofprotons,thelargerthenumberofelectrons,thelargertheradius
2)atomicradius:
thesameionintheelectronlayerdecreaseswiththeincreaseofatomicnumber.
3)semiconductormaterialsnearthemetalandnonmetalboundaries
4)pesticidesinthetoprightoftheperiodictableofelements
5)thecatalystandthehightemperatureresistantmaterial,intheexcessiveelementsearch
Eight,crystal
1)thestrongertheionicbondis,thehighertheboilingpointis
2)theelectronegativitydifferenceofBeCl2andAlCl3:
islessthan1.7,whichisconsideredascovalentcompound
3)substancesthatcanformhydrogenbonds:
HF,H2O,NH3
4)crystals:
solidswithregulargeometricshapeswithfixedmeltingpoints
5)atomiccrystals:
structurespacethree-dimensionalnetworkstructure;properties-highboilingpointandhighhardness;chemicalformulaisonlythesimplestratioratherthanthemolecularformula
6)meltingboilingpoint:
atomiccrystal>ioniccrystal>molecularcrystal(generallawisnotabsolute)
7)thechangeofmolecularcrystalstatesonlydestroystheFanDehuaforceanddoesnotdestroythechemicalbond
Nine,thebrominefadedmaterial
1)activatedcarbonadsorption
2)gasoline,benzene,carbontetrachloride,-Extraction
3)silvernitrate-reaction
4)activemetal,reductiveinorganic-redoxreaction
5)reactionwithalkalinesubstance
6)-substitutedphenol
7)dilutehydrocarbon,etc.-additionofAlkynes
Ten,nitrogenfixation
1)concept:
theprocessoftransformingfreenitrogenintocompoundnitrogen
Eleven,easilyliquefiedgas
1)redlitmuspaper,onlyammoniawetbluegas(test)
2)chlorinegas
3)sulfurdioxide
Twelve,ioncoexistence
1)theredoxreactionbetweenionscannotcoexist:
ironionandiodideion;ironionandsulfurion;ferrousionandhydrogenionmeetnitrateion
2)byiondoublehydrolysiscancoexist:
aluminumionandcarbonateionandbicarbonateionorsulfurionsorpartialaluminumionsironionsandcarbonateions;
Thirteen,ionization
1)theionizationandhydrolysisprocessesareendothermic,andtheionizationdegreeincreaseswiththeincreaseoftemperature
2)acid-baseinhibitionofwaterionization
3)thedissociationofbrinetopromotetheionizationofinfluent
Fourteen,experimentalinstruments
1)capacitybottle:
accurateto0.01,commonlyusedspecificationshave50ml,100ml,150ml,250ml,500ml,1000ml(needtofillinsuchspecifications)
2)burets:
accurateto0.01,commonspecificationsare25ml,50ml.Thesolutionshouldbewashed2-3timesbeforeloading
3)condensatepipe:
thelowerendofthewaterinlet,theupperendofthewater,thedirectionofflowandthedirectionofsteaminthepipeopposite.
4)glassrod:
stirortransferliquid,dipinasmallamountofliquid
5)KaiPugenerator:
toproduceCO2,H2,H2Sgas.
Fifteen,threeplaceusingcottonregiment
1)whenthesolidsolidheatingdeviceproducesgas,thecottonmassisplacedinthebigtesttubemouthtopreventthesolidpowderfromenteringtheductwiththeairflow,thusblockingthecatheter
2)whentheammoniaisproducedinthelaboratory,thecottonclusterisplacedinthetesttubeorthegascylindermouthtocollectammonia,topreventammoniaandairconvection,andtoensurethepurityofammoniagascollection
3)whenlargetubeswereusedforacetyleneproductioninthelaboratory,thecottonballswereplacedinthebigtesttubemouthtopreventthefoamfromproducingintothecatheter.
4)withoutpureNO2gas,3.2gCureactswithsufficientconcentratednitricacidtoproducegaswhichisalwayslessthan0.1mol
5)thereisachemicalbondinanycrystal.Thisisnottrue,.Eg:
raregas
6)assumingthatthereisasolutionofpH=10,theionizationofwatermaybepromotedorinhibited
7)theioniccrystalchangesinstateandtheionicbondmustbedestroyed
8)thepHvalueofwateratnormaltemperatureisequalto7,thehigherthetemperature,thesmallerthepHvalue,thegreatertheKw
Systematicsummaryofchemistryreviewingradethreeofseniorhighschoolin2010
First,importantbasicconceptsandterminology:
Three.Somelaws
1.lawofconservationofmass
1)content:
thetotalmassofthesubstancesinvolvedinthechemicalreactionisequaltothetotalmassofthesubstancesproducedbythereaction.
2)thereasonisthatatomsarethesmallestparticlesinchemicalchangesandcannotbesubdividedinchemicalchanges.Therefore,beforeandafterchemicalchanges,thespeciesofatomsareconstant,thenumberisconstant,themassisconstant,andthemassisconservedbeforeandafterthereaction.
3)application:
(1)usingthelawofconservationofmassforsimplecalculation.
(2)writingandbalancingchemicalequations.(3)inferthecompositionandchemicalformulaofmatter
2.AVogadero'slaw:
1)atthesametemperatureandatthesamepressure,anygasofthesamevolumecontainsthesamenumberofmolecules.
Four:
atthesame,thesamepressureandthesamesize,thesamenumberofmolecules(i.e.,thesameamountofsubstance).Therangeofuseisgas;
2)inference:
Underthesamepressure,thevolumeratioofgasisequaltotheratioofmaterialtovolume;
Thesametemperatureandpressure,thegasdensityratioisequaltoitsrelativemolecularmassratio;
Atthesametemperatureandpressure,thesamevolumeofanygasmassratioisequaltoitsrelativemolecularmassratio;
Underthesamepressure,thevolumeratioofanygastothemassofTongwenisequaltotheinverseratioofitsrelativemolecularmass;
Atthesamevolume,thepressureratioisequaltotheratiooftheamountofmaterial;
3)therelationbetweenmolarvolumeofgasandAVogadero'slaw:
AVogadero'slawisanimportantruleforstudyingthepropertiesofgases,whichisapplicabletoanygasinanysituation;
Themolarvolumeofgasisapplicabletoanygasunderanycondition(acertaintemperatureandacertainpressure);themolarvolumeofgasagreeswithAVogadero'slaw.
22.4L/molisconfinedtotheconditionofthestandardcase.ItisaspecialcaseofthemolarvolumeofgasandaspecialcaseofAVogadero'slaw.
Thelawofvolumeratioof3.gasreaction:
Atthesametemperatureandpressure,thegasinthereactionvolumeofeachsimpleintegerratio;
Thecompositionof4.atomsandnuclei
Massnumber(A)=protonnumber(Z)+neutronnumber(N)
Chargenumberofnucleus=protonnumber=outerelectronnumberofnucleus=atomicnumber
Thedistributionlawofexternalelectronsin5.nuclei
Thenumberoftheelectronelectronlayerisuptoaccommodate2n2;
Theoutermostelectronnumberdoesnotexceed8(K2)
Thesecondarylayerisnotmorethan18,thirdbottomlayerisnotmorethan32;
Theprincipleofthelowestenergyelectronicenergyisalwaysfromthelowestlayerintheelectroniclineup,thenfrominsidetooutside,rankedintheelectronicenergygraduallyincreased,whichfilledtheKlayerLlayer,LlayerislinedwithrowsofMlayer.
6.commonchemicalbondsandthreebondparameters(bondlength,bondenergy,bondangle);relationbetweenfourkindsofcrystalsandchemicalbondsandintermolecularforces:
7.oxidationreductionreactionlawandrelatedconcepts:
(1)thelawofoxidationandreducibilityofelements
Commonmetalactivityordertable
K,Ca,Na,Mg,Al,Zn,Fe,Sn,Pb(H),Cu,Hg,Ag,Pt,Au(reductionability-lossofelectronlossability)werereduced
K+,Ca2+,Na+,Mg2+,Al3+,Zn2+,Fe2+,Sn2+,Pb2+(H+),Cu2+,Hg2+,Ag+(oxidationability-enhancedelectroncapacity)
Nonmetalli
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