跨文化.docx
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跨文化.docx
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跨文化
TheSixTypesof
NonverbalCommunication
Therearesixmaintypesofnonverbalcommunication.
You'reprobablyfamiliarwithmost,butmaybesurprisedbythemoreobscuretypes.
Applyyourself-observationskillstoyournonverbalcommunicationhabitsandseeifyoucan'tdiscoverwaysinwhichyoumightbecomeamoreeffectivecommunicator!
FacialExpressions
Ofallthetypesofnonverbalcommunication,thismaybeoneofthemostnoticeable.Weallexamineeachothers'facesaswetalk,gleaninginformationtoconfirmthatthemeaningisreceivedasitisdelivered.
Smilingisonefacialexpressionthatislikelytoputotherpeopleateaseandmakethemfeelacceptedandcomfortable.Youexudehappinessandencouragementwhenyousmile,sotrytoaddittomoreofyourconversations.
Scowling,chewingyourlip,andraisingyoureyebrowscanallsignaldifferentmeanings,soitisimportanttobeawareofhowyourfacelooksduringaconversation.
EyeContact
Thisisabigone.WelearnedallaboutitinSpeechclass!
Thehardpartisthatitcanfeeluncomfortable.
Forsomeitmayfeeltoointimate,forothersitmayfeelchallenging.Nomatterhowitmakesyoufeel,though,itisanessentialtoolinyournonverbalcommunicationtoolboxasitmakestheotherpersonfeelheard,respected,andimportant.
Ofcourse,Idon'tadvocatestaringasthatcanberude!
Butmakinggood,consistenteyecontactcanelevateyourstatusasagreatconversationalist.
Gestures
Gesturesareanotheroneofthetypesofnonverbalcommunication.Theycanaddwarmthandpersonalitytoaconversation.Ifyou'renotabighandgestureperson,rememberatleasttonodyourheadappropriately.Thisisaneasywaytoshowthatyouarelisteningto,understanding,andconnectingwiththespeaker.
PostureandBodyOrientation
Howyouwalk,talk,stand,andsitsendsalotofmessagestoothers.Thinkofthetimesyou'vefeltnervousataparty…yourposturemostcertainlygaveyouaway.Lettingyourbodyrelax,havingfluidsmoothmovements,andfacingyourconversationpartnerallindicateconfidenceandengagingconversationskills.
Proximity
Thephysicaldistancebetweenyouandotherssignalsyourlevelofintimacyandcomfort.Ifsomeoneyoudon'tknowstandstoocloseortouchestoooften,youwillprobablybegintofeeluncomfortable.Makesureyou'reawareofothers'bodylanguageinresponsetoyourpresence--thiscanbeespeciallyimportantforthosewhowanttoimpress!
Paralinguistics
Thisisreallyjustdescribinghowyourvoicesounds.Itincludesyour:
Tone
Pitch
Rhythm
Loudness
Inflection
Thistypeofnonverbalcommunicationismostnoticeablewhensomeoneusestheirvoicetoindicateadifferentmeaningthantheirstatedwords.Youknow,thatpassive-aggressivetacticthatwealluseatsometimeoranother.Likewhenyou'rehavinganargumentwithyourhusbandandyousay,"I'mnotangry!
"
Ha!
Tryingtokeepyourwordsandyourparalinguisticsinsyncwillhelpkeepyourmessagesclear,understandable,andlesslikelytobemisinterpreted.
Youcanseewhythesixtypesofnonverbalcommunicationaresoimportanttomaster.Ifyouwouldlikesomehelpinassessingandimprovingyours,pleasedropmeanote!
NonverbalCommunicationExamples
Howdoesnonverbalcommunicationaffectourrelationships?
Findoutwiththehelpofthesenonverbalcommunicationexamples.
Youmayhavetriedeverytrickinthebook,butsomehowyouarenotbeingabletomaintainstrongrelationships,eitherpersonalorprofessional.Whereareyougoingwrong?
Thisisprobablybecauseyourbodylanguagedoesnotcomplementyourspeech.Thisisacommonproblemfacedbymany.Youmayspeakwithalotofconviction,butyoureyesorposturemayspeakotherwise.Thisiswhatwecallnonverbalcommunication,whichisbetterexplainedwiththehelpofsomenonverbalcommunicationexamples.
WhatisNonverbalCommunication?
Nonverbalcommunicationisalsoknownasbodylanguageandisaninevitablepartofourpersonality.Whenwespeak,wealsogiveoutseveralnonverbalsignalsthatsometimesworktointensifywhatisalreadybeingsaid,orsometimescontradictswhatwearesaying.Nonverbalcommunicationcanbeagive-awaysimplybecauseitishardtocontrolthiskindofcommunication.Inseveralcases,youmaycommunicatesimplybymeansofnonverbalcommunication.Theysayeyessayalotmorethanwordsdo.Thisisanexampleofnonverbalcommunication.
Nonverbalcommunicationprimarilycomprisesgestures,posture,touch,spaceandfacialexpressions.Asmentionedbefore,thesemayeithercomplementorcontradictwhatwesay.Nonverbalbodylanguageleavesahugeimpactonrelationships,bothpersonalorprofessional.
ExamplesofNonverbalCommunication
Thereareseveraltypesofnonverbalcommunicationthatmaybeevaluatedonthebasisofcertainexamples,thatwillhelpyouunderstandthenuancesofthiscomplicatedformofcommunication.
FacialExpressions
Whenreadingfacialexpressions,someoftheseexamplesmayhelp:
∙Whilemaintainingeyecontactisasignofconfidenceandpositivity,avoidingeyecontactisoneofthemostclearnegativenonverbalcommunicationexamples.Thisimpliesthatthepersonmaybelying,orfearsconfrontation.
∙Thesmileisanothergive-awaywhenitcomestofacialexpressions.Whileasoftsmileisasoftexpressionthatisencouraging,arigidsmileorasmirkmaybeasignofcontempt.
∙Raisedeyebrowsarenotonlyasignofsurprise,theycanalsosuggestmockeryorsarcasm.Itmaybeanaturalphysicaltraitofsomepeople,andtheymaydoitwithoutrealizing.However,itisimportanttoknowthekindofeffectitishavingonothers.
∙Frowningisanotherfacialexpressionthatwetendtoassumewhenunderstress.Thisgivesoutthemessagethatweareunapproachableandcold.
PostureandotherMovements
Posturesareincludedinnonverbalcommunicationandmaybeexplainedwithafewoftheseexamples:
∙Standingerectshowsconfidence,butifyouareslouchingitisasignoflowself-esteemandastancethatyouhavegivenup.
∙Keepingshouldersrigidagaingiveasignthatyoumaybeunapproachable,andmayaffectthekindofpeopleyouattracttowardsyou.
∙Constantfiddlingwitheverythinginsightisasignofanxiety,frustration,boredomandlackofinterest.
∙Standingwithyourhandscrossedbehindyou,combinedwithyourfacialexpressionsmaybeaclearsignofangerorfrustrationthatyouaretryingtoholdback.
Gestures
Gesturesanimatetheconversationswehavewithothers.Wepoint,wewaveanduseallsortsofbodylanguagegestureswhilewearetalking.
∙Forinstance,youmayconstantlyberubbingyourneck,orthebackofyourear.Thisisasignofdiscomfortandlackofconfidence.
∙Ifyouareangry,youmaybeclenchingyourfiststocontrolyouranger,orinpreparationforaphysicalattack!
∙Rubbinghandstogetherindicatesexcitementandindicatesreadinesstoengageinanactivity.
∙Shruggingmayshowalackofinterest.
Touch
Eventouchplaysanimportantroleinnonverbalcommunication.Forinstance:
∙Whenyourbossispraisingyou,andpatsyouontheback,itisasignofgenuinelikingforyouandyourwork.
∙Afirmhandshakeisthesignofconfidence.
∙Weallknowthereassuringeffectofawarmbearhug.
∙Someonewhoholdsyourarmswhiletalkingiseithertryingtomakeastatement,ortoportraythathe/sheisincontrol.
Space
Weallhaveaphysicalspacearoundus.Sometimeswefindpeopleinvadingthatpersonalspace.Itmaybetoportrayanyofthefollowing:
∙Intimacy
∙Affection
∙Dominance
∙Aggression
Thisdoesnotmeanthatsomeonemaintainingadecentphysicaldistanceistryingtokeepawayfromyou.Itonlymeansthatthepersonknowshis/herplaceandrespectsyourpersonalspace,providedyoudon'tshareaverycloserelationship.
Understandingbodylanguagewiththehelpofthesenonverbalcommunicationexamplesmaytakeawhile.Topickupnonverbalcuesrequiresyoutowatchoutforthemintently,andalsolearnhowtocomplementtherightcueswiththespokenword,sothatyoudon'tgiveoutthewrongmessage.Onceyouareabletodothat,youwilldefinitelyminimizethechancesofmisconceptionsandmisunderstandingsaboutothers,andyourself.
7TypesofNonVerbalcommunication
ByManasiChaudhari/May3,2011
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Nonverbalcommunicationisuniversalandittranscendslanguage,religion,geographicalterritoryandallcultures.Itmakesourcommunicationmoreappealingandeffective.Itisanintegralpartofeverydaycommunication.Mostofusarenotconsciouslyawareofthevariouscues,signsandsignalsthatweuseinourcommunication.However,studiesrevealseveraltypesofnonverbalcommunication,afewofwhicharelistedbelow.
1.FacialExpressions
Faceistheindexofthemind.Itcanexpressalotmoreevenwhenonedoesn'tdoanytalking.Whilespeakingornotspeaking,thefacecanconveysomethingmorethanwhatthewordsmayfailtodo.Emotions,attitudes,andassociationsareusuallywellexpressedintheface.Facialmusclesindifferentcombinationsimplyanumberofemotionsandmessages.Forexample:
∙Eyebrowscanfrown,quiz,approve,disapproveandmanymore.
∙Eyescanmoveleftandrightanddilatetoexpresscaution,glee,surprise,anger,sorrow,loveetc.
∙Nostrilscanwrinkleupandflaretoimplyconfusion,angerandevenboredom.
∙Lipscansmile,laugh,snarl,kissandtightentoexpressawidevarietyofmessages.
∙Tonguescanrollupanddown,curl,moveinandoutandmoisturethelipstoconveyavarietyofemotions.
∙Jawstoocanexpressmanyideas,whiletheyareclosed,opened,clinchedorsetatangles.
2.BodyLanguageandPostur
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