高中英语语法讲解.docx
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高中英语语法讲解.docx
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高中英语语法讲解
高中英语语法精讲
一.名词
1.在句子中充当的成分
主语宾语(在vt.或介词后)表语(在be或连系动词后)定语(名词修饰名词)
Thebookisonthedesk.
IlikeEnglishverymuch.
Heoftenlaughsatpeopleintrouble.
ashoefactoryacoffeecupawinecupasportscarabusstop
ahorrorfilmastonepathasciencefictionhairstyle
bloodpressurecatfoodhealthsituationroomnumber
sportsnewsgoodstrainclothesshopsavingsbanks
2.名词的分类
专有名词(人名地名组织):
theUnitedNationsWorldTradeOrganization
普通名词:
个体名词集体名词(可数);物质名词抽象名词(不可数)
集体名词有时也可当做个体看:
family(家庭家人)teamclassgroup
单数复数
3.名词的数
(1)不可数名词
adviceinformationequipmentfurniturenewsclothwood
baggageluggageprogressfun...
apieceofadviceanarticleofclothing/furniture
abarofchocolate/soapaloafofbreadfiveheadofcattle
有些情况下,不可数名词也可以有复数形式
threecoffees三杯咖啡twoteas两份茶fruits各种水果
paper纸--papers报纸文件light光--lights灯
time时间--times时代次数work工作--works作品工厂
Therearetwo___________(Mary)inourclass.
(2)可数名词注意复数的变化
stomach___table-cloth___radio___zoo___piano___photo___
tomato___potato___hero___zero___volcano___Henry___
lady___toy___belief___roof___proof___leaf___life___shelf___
child--______mouse--______goose--______foot--______
phenomenon--_________
sheepdeermeans(方法手段)fishworks(工厂)species(种类)yuan
jiaofenjinmu等词单复数形式相同
goods(货物)glasses(眼镜)compasses(圆规)clothes(衣服)trousers
等词只有复数形式。
表示“某国人”的复数:
ChineseJapaneseSwiss单复数形式相同。
Englishman--_________Frenchman--_________
GermanAsianAustralianCanadianItalian
EuropeanRussianGreekSwedeArab直接加s
sons-in-law女婿lookers-on旁观者passers-by过路人
go-betweens中间人grown-ups成年人film-goers爱看电影的人
tooth-brushesboy-friendsstore-keepers店主
boy/girlstudentsmenteacherswomendoctors
有些个体名词有时用来表示抽象意义,这时不能用复数,也不能加冠词。
Word(消息)camethatourforeignfriendswouldcometoourschool.
Givemeroom(空间),please.makeroomforsbleavewordwithsb
Strikewhileiron(铁)ishot.
Thisisaniron(熨斗),whichisoftenusedtoiron(熨烫)clothes.
4.名词的格表示一种所属关系,译成“的”.
(1)有生命的东西的名词所有格一般在名词后加“’s”;以-s或-es结尾的复
数名词一般只加“’”;两人共有的只在后一个名词后加“’s”;表示两
人各自的,两名词后都须加“’s”.
theteachers’officetheworkers’clubTeachers’/Mothers’Day
thePeople’sParktheChildren’sPalace
ThewomanisJaneandTom’smother.(共有的)
Thatshopdealsin(经营)children’sandwomen’sclothes.(各自的)
Thebookisn’tmine.Itis__________________(别人的).
Weshouldpointout_______________(彼此的)shortcomings.
Butmenobuts/but’s.
Therearetwor’sintheword“tomorrow”.
Weshouldfollowthedo’sanddon’ts(行为准则注意事项).
表示时间、距离、国家、城市、重量等无生命的名词所有格,也可用“’s”:
Today’spaperstenminutes’walkChina’spopulation
(2)无生命东西的名词所有格:
“of+名词”
Wewillmeetat____________________________(校门口).
(3)双重所有格:
“of+名词+’s”
Heisafriend____________________(我父亲朋友中的).
Heisafriend____________________(我朋友中的).
Heisafriend____________________(她朋友中的).
Sheisafriend___________________(他朋友中的).
5.Itis_________________(两个小时的骑车路程)frommyhometoourschool.
6.Itisbadmannerstospeakwithyourmouthfulloffood.
7.XiaoLiisat_____________(格林家).
8.______________(格林一家人格林夫妇)arehavingdinner.
9.Hewenttothedoctor’s(office)yesterday.
高中英语语法精讲
二.冠词
1.a用在辅音前;an用在元音前。
所谓元音与辅音是指音标,而不是指字母。
_____usefulbook_____Europeancountry_____one-year-oldchild
_____honestchildThereis_____“l”intheworld“smile”.
2.不定冠词的用法
(1)用在可数名词前表示“一个”。
:
Thereisabookonthedesk.
(2)表示“某一个”:
AMr.Whiteiswaitingforyoudownstairs.
有一个叫怀特的先生
(3)表示“一类”,不翻译。
:
Ahorseisausefulanimal.
3.定冠词的用法
(1)表示文中再次提到的人或物。
Thereisabookonthedesk.ThebookisanEnglishbook.
(2)表示特指的人或物(谈话时彼此都知道的事物)。
Lookattheblackboard.Openthedoor,please.
(3)表示世界上独一无二的事物。
thesuntheearththecapitaltheskytheuniverse(宇宙)
innature在自然界中inspace在天空中
That’sthenature(属性本性)oftheelement(元素).
(4)表示“一类”。
a和the不翻译。
Ahorseausefulanimal.(强调任何一个)
Thehorseisausefulanimal.(强调整个类属)
Horsesareusefulanimals.
Thetigerisindangerofdyingout.(不用atiger)
Doyouknowwhoinventedthetelephone?
(不用atelephone)
(5)乐器前:
thepianotheviolintheguitar
(6)年代、朝代前:
inthe1990’sintheTangDynasty
theSpringandAutumnPeriodtheWaringStatesPeriod
(7)方位词前:
in(on,to)theeastof...ontheleft(right)
VietnamliessouthofChina.=VietnamliesonthesouthofChina.
adv.n.
Turnleft.=Turntotheleft.
(8)阶级解层前:
therulingclass统治阶级theworkingpeople劳动人民
(9)形容词或分词前加the可表示一类人或事物
therich(poor,young,old,blind...)theliving(wounded)
thebeautiful(美的东西)thegood(好的东西)
(10)姓氏的复数前加the表示一家人或夫妇两人
theCuries(居里夫妇)theGreens(格林一家人)
(11)江、河、湖、海、山、岛等地理名词前
theYangtzeRiver(长江)theYellowRiver(黄河)thePacific
theAlpes(阿尔卑斯山脉)theEnglishChannel(英吉利海峡)
(12)序数词、形容词最高级前:
thefirst/lastthebest
注:
Heisthetallerofthetwoboys.(比较级前有时也加the)
Changchunisamostbeautifulcity.(最高级前加a,表示非常)
Thecityismostbeautiful.(最高级前不加冠词,表示非常)
(13)the+国家和民族的形容词,表示这个国家人的总称。
看做复数
theEnglish/BritishtheFrenchtheJapanesetheChinese
TheEnglish______(like)totalkaboutweather.
4.不用冠词的情况
(1)专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词前不用冠词。
但当专有名词表特定意
义时前可用冠词
AMr.Zhangcametoseeyoujustnow.
HeistheMr.Zhangyouarelookingfor.HeisalivingLeiFeng.
TheShanghaioftodayisquitedifferentfromwhatitusedtobe.
物质名词、抽象名词的个体化,表示“一种”、“一杯”、“一份”、
“一阵”“一场”、“一番”时前可加a/an.
aheavyrainastrongwindasoupabigfireasuccess
afailureanewcultureastrugglemakeastudyof(一番分析)
Longjingisafamoustea.I’dliketohaveacoffee.
Hewantedtogivemeapleasantsurprise.
Itisapleasuretotalktohim.Thebookisagreathelptome.
Itisanhonorforyoutohavebeensentabroad.
(2)学科、球类、棋类、三餐、季节、月份、星期、节日、街道、广场、公园、
大学等词前一般不用冠词。
havebreakfast/lunch/supper/dinnerinspringatChristmas
onNationalDayChildren’sDayWomen’sDayNanjingRoad
WangfujingStreetBeihaiParkQinghuaUniversity但:
anicedinner/breakfastinthefallof2006thePeople’sPark
theSpringFestivaltheDragon’sDaytheMid-AutumnDay
Wemethimon_____Mondaylastmonth.
(3)职位、官衔的词前
Wemadehimchairmanofthestudents’union.
Hewaselectedmonitoroftheclass.Asjudge,heisverystrict.
(4)对应关系的两个词fatherandson(父子)husbandandwife
teacherandstudenttownandcountry(城乡)enemyandfriend
5.冠词的惯用法(体现在短语中)
haveagoodtimetake/haveabreak(rest)goforawalk/swim
haveafevercatchabadcoldhaveaheadachehave___fun
liveahappylifedieagloriousdeathdreamasweetdream
inprison(坐牢)inhospital(住院)gotochurch(做礼拜)intown(城里)
byhand(手工)inhand(手里)byradio(通过无线电)inpen/pencil
incourseofinthecourseofoutofquestionoutofthequestion
在...中在...期间/过程中没问题不可能
inchargeofinthechargeofinpossessionofinthepossessionof
attableatthetableinfrontofinthefrontofbyseabythesea
高中英语语法精讲
三.代词
1.人称代词
主格Iyouhesheitweyouthey
宾格meyouhimheritusyouthem
形容词性myyourhisheritsouryourtheir
物主代词
名词性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs
物主代词
反身代词myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitselfourselvesyourselvesthemselves
---Whoisit?
---It’s______(我).---Whosepenisit?
---It’s______(我的).
_____,_____and_____(我、你和他)areinthesameclass.
_______________(我和他)aretoblame.
Itisn’tmypen._______(我的)isablackone.
I’vefinishedmyhomework.Hashefinished________(他的)?
Kateisanoldfriendof_______(她的).
Heisoldenoughtolookafter_______(自己).
______________(他自己)wentthereyesterday.
We’dbetteraskTom_______(自己)aboutit.
Heisn’thimselftoday.
2.指示代词thisthatthesethoseitsuchthesame
1.this/these指后面要讲到的事物,that/those指前面讲过的事物。
WhatIwanttosayis_____:
PronunciationisimportantinlearningEnglish.
Ihadabadcold._____iswhyIdidn’tcome.
2.that代替单数名词(=theone)或不可数名词;those=theones代替复数名词
Thepopulationofthiscityislargerthan_____ofthatcity.
Thestudentsinthisclassaremoreactivethan_____inthatclass.
3.Hewearsthesamecoat____you.
三.不定代词(高考重点)
1.one泛指任何一个人物主代词是one’s反身代词是oneself
Oneshoulddo______workwell.Oneshoulddependon______(自己).
2.one=a/an+可数名词;复数为ones;theone=_____theones=______
ThisbookisnotasgoodastheoneIsawyesterday.
Thisbookisgoodforstudy.Willyoupleasebuymeone(=__________)?
“一些”用于肯定句,或表示请求/邀请的疑问句中.
Wouldyoulikesomebananas?
3.some“某一” SmithwenttosomeplaceinEngland.
Ihopetoseehimsomeday.
Theairportcannotbeusedforsomereason.
“大约”Therearesome300workersonstrike.
“一些”用于否定句、疑问句、条件句。
ifany
Ifyoufindanyinterestingbook,pleasebuyitforme.
any“任何任一”用于肯定句Youmaytakeanyofthebooks.
Heistallerthananyotherstudentinhisclass.
“稍微丝毫”Doyoufeelanybettertoday?
anyoneeveryonesomeone合起来写指人后不能接of
4.
anyoneeveryonesomeone分开写指人也指物后可接of
__________(每个人)ofusshouldstudyhard.
noone后不能接of看做单数用来回答单数问句
5.
none后可接of看做单数或复数都行用来回答复数或不可数名词问句
Noneofus________goingtotheparktomorrow.
---Howmany/much...?
---________.---Whoistheclassroom?
---____.
---Whatisinthebox?
---______(什么都没有).
6.Heissomething/asomebody/anobody/notanybody.
Sheissomethingof(出色的)asinger.Heissomethinginwhathesays.
Onlyafewnobodies(几个不重要的人物)attendedthemeeting.
7.both(两者)all(三者)在句子中的位置“行前be后”
______________(这两本书都)areveryvaluable.=
______________(他们都)aregoodatEnglish.=
8.neither两者都不either两者中任何一个都表示单数,在句中做主语、宾语
和定语;做主语时一般要和of连用neitherof...eitherof...
Neitherofthetwoanswers______wrong.Neither/Eitheranswer___right.
Youcantakeeitherofthem.EithertimeisOK.
9.在路的两旁onbothsidesoftheroadoneither
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