新编简明英语语言学教程整理.docx
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新编简明英语语言学教程整理.docx
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新编简明英语语言学教程整理
定义
Linguistics:
Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.
GeneralLinguistics:
ThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledGenerallinguistics.
language:
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
DesignFeatures:
Itreferstothedefiningpopertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.
Linguistics:
Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral.Thescopeoflinguistics:
Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistics.(普通语言学)
Thestudyofsounds,whichareusedinlinguisticcommunication,iscalledphonetics.(语音学)
Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.(音系学)
Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsarecalledmorphology.(形态学)
Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax(句法学)
Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.(语义学)
Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.(语用学)
Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsocio-linguistics.(社会语言学)
Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingofmindiscalledpsycho-linguistics.(心理语言学)
1.宽式音标Broadtranscription
Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithlettersymbolsonly.
2.窄式音标Narrowtranscription
Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundwithletterssymbolsandthediacritics.
3.清音Voiceless
Whenthevocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingairgothroughwithoutcausingvibration,thesoundsproducedinsuchaconditionarecalledvoicelesssounds.
4.浊音Voicing
Soundsproducedwhilethevocalcordsarevibratingarecalledvoicedsounds.
5.元音Vowel
Thesoundsintheproductionofwhichnoarticulatorscomeveryclosetogetherandtheairstreampassesthroughthevocaltractwithoutobstructionarecalledvowels.
6.辅音Consonants
Thesoundsintheproductionofwhichthereisanobstructionoftheairstreamatsomepointofthevocaltractarecalledconsonants.
7.音位Phoneme
Thebasicunitinphonology,it’sacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.
8.音位变体Allophones
Differentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.
9.音素phone
Aphoneticunitorsegment.itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning,it’saspeechsoundweusewhenspeakingalanguage.
10.最小对立对Minimalpair
Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.
11.超切分特征Suprasegmental
Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures.themainsuprasegmentalfeaturesincludestress,intonationandtone.
12.互补分布complementarydistributionP35
Twoallophonesofthesamephonemearesaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.
13.语言的语音媒介Phonicmediumoflanguage
Thelimitedrangeofsoundswhicharemeaningfulinhumancommunicationandareofinteresttolinguisticstudiesarethephonicmediumoflanguage.
14.爆破音stops
Whenaobstructioncreatedbythespeechorgansistotalorcomplete,thespeechsoundproducedwiththeobstructionreleasedandtheairpassingoutagainiscalledastoporaplosive.
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1.词素Morpheme
Thebasicunitinthestudyofmorphologyandthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.
2.自由词素FreeMorpheme
Freemorphemesareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselves.
3.黏着词素Boundmorphemes
Boundmorphemesarethesemorphemesthatcanotbeusedbythemselves,mustbecombinedwithothermorphemestoformwordsthatcanbeusedindependently.
4.词根Root
Rootisthebaseformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.
5.词缀Affix
Thecollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.
6.曲折词缀inflectionalaffixes
Themanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipsthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes,suchasnumber,tense,degreeandcase.
7.派生词缀Derivationalaffixes
Themanifestationofrelationbetweenstemsandaffixesthroughtheadditionofderivationalaffixes.
8.词干Stem
Astemistheexistingformtowhichaderivationalaffixcanbeadded.astemcanbeaboundroot,afreemorpheme,oraderivedformitself.
9.形态学规则Morphologicalrules
Theyarerulesthatgovernwhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofstemtoformanewword.
10.前缀Prefix
Prefixesmodifythemeaningofthestem,butusuallydonotchangethepartofspeechoftheoriginalword,exceptionsaretheprefixes‘be-‘and‘en(m)-‘
11.后缀Suffix
Suffixesareaddedtotheendofstems,theymodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordandinmanycaseschangeitspartofspeech.3.Inusingthemorphologicalrules,wemustguardagainstOver-generalization.
1.句子sentence
Astructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.
2.语言运用Linguisticcompetence
Thesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeaker.
3.谓语Predicate
Thepartofasentencewhichcomprisesafiniteverboraverbphraseandwhichsayssomethingaboutthesubjectisgrammaticallycalledpredicate.
4.定式子句FiniteClause
Aclausethattakesasubjectandafiniteverb,andatthesametimestandsstructurallyalone.
5.从属子句EmbeddedClause(EC)
Inacompletesentence,theincorporatedorsubordinateclauseisnormallycalledanEC.
6.主要子句MatrixClause
Inacomplexedsentence,theclauseintowhichitisembeddediscalledamatrixclause.
7.层次结构Hierarchicalstructure
Thesentencestructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituentsandshowsthesyntacticcategoriesofeachstructuralconstituent,suchasNPandVP.
8.语法关系Grammaticalrelations
Thestructuralandlogicalfunctionalrelationsbetweeneverynounphraseandsentence.
9.句法类型Syntacticcategory
Awordorphrasethatperformsaparticulargrammaticalfunctionsuchasthesubjectorobject.
10.表层结构S-structure
Alevelofsyntacticrepresentationaftertheoperationofnecessarysyntacticmovement.
11.深层结构D-structure
Alevelofsyntacticrepresentationbeforetheoperationofnecessarysyntacticmovement.
12.普遍语法Generalgrammar
Asystemoflinguisticknowledgewhichconsistsofsomegeneralprinciplesandparametersaboutnaturelanguage.
13.移动α规则Moveα
Ageneralmovementruleaccountingforthesyntacticbehaviorofanyconstituentmovement.
14.句法移位Syntacticmovement
Syntacticmovementoccurswhenaconstituentmovesoutofitsoriginalplacetoanewposition.
15.转换原则Transformationrules
Syntacticmovementisdictatedbyrulestraditionallycalledtransformationalrules,whoseoperationmaychangethesyntacticrepresentationofasentence.
16.X标杆理论X-bartheory
Ageneralandhighlyabstractschemathatcollapsesallphrasesstructurerulesintoasingleformat:
X”→(Spec)X(Compl).
1.命名论Thenamingtheory
Thenamingtheory,oneoftheoldestnotionsconcerningmeaning,andalsoaveryprimitiveonewasproposedbytheancientGreekscholarPlato.Accordingtothistheory,thelinguisticformsorsymbols,inotherwords,thewordsusedinalanguagearetakentobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor,sowordsarejustnamesorlabelsforthings.
2.意念论Theconceptualistview
Itholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto;rather,intheinterpretationofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind.
3.语境论Conceptualism
It’sbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts.heraretwokindsofcontext:
thesituationalandthelinguisticcontext.
4.行为主义论Behaviorism
Itreferstotheattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthe”situationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer”.thistheorysomewhatclosetoconceptualismemphasizesonthepsychologicalresponse.
5.意义Sense
It’sconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.It’sthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform,it’sabstractandde-contextualized.
6.所指意义Reference
Itmeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld,itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.
7.同义词Synonymy
Itreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaningorwecansaythatwordsarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.
8.多义词Polysemy
Itreferstodifferentwordsmayhavethesameorsimilarmeaning,thesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.
9.同音(形)异义Homonymy
Itreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavedifferentmeaningshavethesameform,i.e,differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.
10.同音异义Homophones
Itreferstotwowordsareidenticalinsound.e.g.rain/reign.
11.同形异义Homographs
Itreferstotwowordsareidenticalinform.e.g.tearv./tearn.
12.上下义关系Hyponymy
Itreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.thewordwhichismoregeneralinmeaningiscalledsuperordinate,andthemorespecificwordsarecalleditshyponyms.
13.反义词Antonymy
It’sthetermusedforoppositenessofmeaningondifferentdimension.
14.成分分析法ComponentialAnalysis----分析词汇抽象意义
It’sawayproposedbythestructuralsemanticiststoanalyzewordmeaning.
thisapproachisbaseduponthebeliefthatmeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.
15.述谓结构分析PredicationAnalysis由BritishLinguistG.Leech提出
It’sanewapproachfor
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