考研英语二阅读理解真题.docx
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考研英语二阅读理解真题.docx
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考研英语二阅读理解真题
2019考研英语二阅读理解真题
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Text1
Unlikeso-calledbasicemotionssuchassadness,fear,andanger,guiltemergesalittlelater,inconjunctionwithachild'sgrowinggraspofsocialandmoralnorms.Childrenaren'tbornknowinghowtosay"I'msorry”;rather,theylearnovertimethatsuchstatementsappeaseparentsandfriends-andtheirownconsciences.Thisiswhyresearchersgenerallyregardso-calledmoralguilt,intherightamount,tobeagoodthing.
Inthepopularimagination,ofcourse,guiltstillgetsabadrap.Itisdeeplyunfortable-it'stheemotionalequivalentofwearingajacketweightedwithstones.Yetthisunderstandingisoutdated."Therehasbeenakindofrevivalorarethinkingaboutwhatguiltisandwhatroleguiltcanserve,"saysAmrishaVaish,apsychologyresearcherattheUniversityofVirginia,addingthatthisrevivalispartofalargerrecognitionthatemotionsaren'tbinary-feelingsthatmaybeadvantageousinonecontextmaybeharmfulinanother.Jealousyandanger,forexample,mayhaveevolvedtoalertustoimportantinequalities.Toomuchhappinesscanbedestructive.
Andguilt,bypromptingustothinkmoredeeplyaboutourgoodness,canencouragehumanstomakeupforerrorsandfixrelationships.Guilt,inotherwords,canhelpholdacooperativespeciestogether.Itisakindofsocialglue.
Viewedinthislight,guiltisanopportunity.WorkbyTinaMalti,apsychologyprofessorattheUniversityofToronto,suggeststhatguiltmaypensateforanemotionaldeficiency.Inanumberofstudies,MaltiandothershaveshownthatguiltandsympathymayrepresentdifferentpathwaystocooperationandsharingSomekidswhoarelowinsympathymaymakeupforthatshorfallbyexperiencingmoreguilt,whichcanreinintheirnastierimpulses.Andviceversa:
Highsympathycansubstituteforlowguilt.
Inaxxstudy,forexample,Maltilookedat244childrenUsingcaregiverassessmentsandthechildren'sself-observations,sheratedeachchild'soverallsympathylevelandhisorhertendencytofeelnegativeemotionsaftermoraltransgressions.Thenthekidswerehandedchocolatecoins,andgivenachancetosharedthemwithananonymouschild.Forthelow-sympathykids,howmuchtheysharedappearedtoturnonhowinclinedtheyweretofeelguilty.Theguilt-proneonessharedmore,eventhoughtheyhadn'tmagicallybeemoresympathetictotheotherchild'sdeprivation
"That'sgoodnews,"Maltisays."Wecanbeprosocial
becausewecausedharmandwefeelregret,”英语二阅读题
21.Researchersthinkthatguitcanbeagoodthingbecauseitmayhelp
A)fosterachild'smoraldevelopment
B)regulateachild'sbasicemontiOnS
C)improveachild'sintellectualability
D)intensityachild'spositivefeelings
22.Aordingtoparagraph2,manypeoplestillconsider
guilttobe
A)inexcusable
B)deception
C)addictive
D)burdensome
23.Vaishholdthattherethinkingaboutguiltesfroman
awarenessthat
A)emotionsaircontext-independent
B)anemotioncanplayopposingroles
C)emotionaresociallyconstructive
D)emotionalstabilitycanbenefithealth
Text2
Forestsgiveusshade,quietandoneoftheharderchallengesinthefightagainstclimatechange.Evenaswehumanscountonforeststosoakupagoodshareofthecarbondioxideweproduce,wearethreateningtheirabilitytodoso.Theclimatechangewearehasteningcouldonedayleaveuswithforeststhatemitmorecarbonthantheyabsorb.
Thankfully,thereisawayoutofthistrap—butit
involvesstrikingasubtlebalance.Helpingforestsflourishasvaluable"carbonsinks"longintothefuturemayrequirereducingtheircapacitytosequestercarbonnow.Californiaisleadingtheway,asitdoesonsomanyclimateefforts,infiguringoutthedetails.
Thestate'sproposedForestCarbonPlanaimstodoubleeffortstothinoutyoungtreesandclearbrushinpartsoftheforest,includingbycontrolledburning.Thistemporarilylowerscarbon-carryingcapacity.Buttheremainingtreesdrawagreatershareoftheavailablemoisture,sotheygrowandthrive,restoringtheforest'scapacitytopullcarbonfromtheair.Healthytreesarealsobetterabletofendoffbarkbeetles.Thelandscapeisrenderedlessbustible.Evenintheeventofafire,fewertreesareconsumed.
Theneedforsuchplanningisincreasinglyurgent.Already,sincexx,droughtandbeetleshavekilledmorethan100milliontreesinCalifornia,mostoftheminxxalone,andwildfireshavescorchedhundredsofthousandsofacres.
California'splanenvisionstreating35,000acresofforestayearby2020,and60,000by2030—financedfromthe
proceedsofthestate'semissions-permitauctions.That'sonlyasmallshareofthetotalacreagethatcouldbenefit,anestimatedhalfamillionacresinall,soitwillbeimportanttoprioritizeareasatgreatestriskoffireordrought.
Thestrategyalsoaimstoensurethatcarboninwoodymaterialremovedfromtheforestsislockedawayintheformofsolidlumber,burnedasbiofuelinvehiclesthatwouldotherwiserunonfossilfuels,orusedinpostoranimalfeed.Newresearchontransportationbiofuelsisunderway,andthestateplanstoencouragelumberproductionclosetoforestlands.Infuturethestateproposestotakeaninventoryofitsforests'carbon-storingcapacityeveryfiveyears.
Stategovernmentsarewellaustomedtomanagingforests,includingthoseownedbytheU.S.ForestService,but
traditionallythey'vefocusedonwildlife,watershedsandopportunitiesforrecreation.Onlyrecentlyhavetheyetoseethevitalpartforestswillhavetoplayinstoringcarbon.
California'splan,whichisexpectedtobefinalizedbythegovernorearlynextyear,shouldserveasamodel.
26.“Oneoftheharderchallenges”implies___
A.globalclimatechangemaygetoutofcontrol
B.forestsmaybeeapotentialthreat
C.peoplemaymisunderstandglobalwarming
D.extremeweatherconditionsmayarise
27.Tomaintainforestsasvaluable"carbonsinks",wemayneedto_
A.preservediversityofspecies
B.lowertheirpresentcarbon-absorbingcapacity
C.aeleratethegrowthofyoungtrees
D.strikeabalanceamongdifferentplants
28.California'sForestCarbonPlanendeavorsto___
A.restoreitsforestsquicklyafterwildfires.
B.cultivatemoredroughtresistanttrees.
C.findmoreeffectivewaystokillinsects
D.reducethedensityofsomeofitsforests
29.WhatisessentialtoCalifornia'splanaordingtopara.
5?
A.Toobtainenoughfinancialsupport
B.Tocarryitoutbefore2020
C.Tohandletheareasintheseriousdangerfirst
D.Toperfecttheemission-permitauctions
30.theauthor'sattitudetowardCalifornia'splancanbebestdescribedas
A.supportive
B.ambiguous
C.tolerant
D.cautious
Text3
Americanfarmershavebeenplainingoflaborshortagesforseveralyearsnow.Givenamulti-yeardeclineinillegalimmigration,andasimilarlysustainedpickupintheU.S.jobmarket,theplaintsareunlikelytostopwithoutanoverhaulofimmigrationrulesforfarmworkers.
Effortstocreateamorestraightforwardagricultural-workersvisathatwouldenableforeignworkerstostaylongerintheU.S.andchangejobswithintheindustryhave
sofarfailedinCongress.Ifthisdoesn'tchange,American
businesses,munitiesandconsumerswillbethelosers.
PerhapshalfofU.S.farmlaborersareundocumentedimmigrants.AsfewersuchworkersentertheU.S.,thecharacteristicsoftheagriculturalworkforcearechanging.
Today'sfarmlaborers,whilestillpredominantlyborninMexico,aremorelikelytobesettled,ratherthanmigrating,andmorelikelytobemarriedthansingle.Theyarealsoaging.Atthestartofthiscentury,aboutone-thirdofcropworkerswereovertheageof35.Now,morethanhalfare.Andcroppickingishardonolderbodies.
Oneoft-debatedcureforthislaborshortageremainsasimplausibleasithasbeenallalong:
NativeU.S.workerswon'tbereturningtothefarm.
Inastudypublishedinxx,economistMichaelClemensanalyzed15yearsofdataonNorthCarolina'sfarm-labormarketandconcluded,“Thereisvirtuallynosupplyofnativemanualfarmlaborers”inthestate.Thiswastrueeveninthedepthsofasevererecession.
Mechanizationisnottheanswereither—notyetatleast.Productionofcorn,cotton,rice,soybeansandwheathavebeenlargelymechanized,butmanyhigh-value,labor-intensivecrops,suchasstrawberries,needlabor.Evendairyfarms,whererobotscurrentlydoonlyasmallshareofmilking,havealongwaytogobeforetheyareautomated.
Asaresult,farmshavegrownincreasinglyreliantontemporaryguestworkersusingtheH-2Avisatofillthegapsintheagriculturalworkforce.Startingaroundxx,requestsforthevisasrosesharply;fromxxtoxxthenumberofvisasissuedmorethandoubled.
TheH-2Avisahasnonumericalcap,unliketheH-2Bvisafornonagriculturalwork,whichislimitedto66,000annually.Evenso,employersfrequentlyplainthattheyaren'tallottedalltheworkerstheyneed.Theprocessiscumbersome,expensiveandunreliable.OnesurveyfoundthatbureaucraticdelaysledH-2Aworkerstoarriveonthejobanaverageof22dayslate.Andtheshortageispoundedbyfederalimmigrationraids,whichremovesomeworkersanddriveothersunderground.
Petitioningeachyearforlaborers—andhopingthe
governmentprovidesenough,andthattheyarriveontime—is
nowaytorunabusiness.InaxxsurveybytheCaliforniaFarmBureau,71percentoftree-fruitgrowersandnearly80percentofraisinandberrygrowerssaidtheywereshortoflabor.SomewesterngrowershaverespondedbymovingoperationstoMexico.
Withoutreliableaesstoareliableworkforce,moregrowerswillbetemptedtomovesouth.
Aordingtoa
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